tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55563252050499691672024-02-08T09:39:19.052-08:00國立空中大學各科平時作業解答參考本網誌之目的係在提供就讀國立空大的同學,在繕寫各科目的平時作業遇到困難的題目時,可以得到解答與幫助,請同學多多練習自己解題的能力,勿以剪下、貼上的方式,而錯過自我練習的機會。Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-50897268902860721342017-01-14T04:56:00.004-08:002018-09-02T07:19:55.675-07:00哲學與人生(二)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:哲學與人生(第二次作業)</b></span><br />
<div align="center">
<script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/
pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({
google_ad_client: "pub-9715906352965958",
enable_page_level_ads: true
});
</script>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、何謂「隔離但平等」措施?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1896</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年美國聯邦最高法院作出「帕萊西與福葛森」</span><span lang="EN-US">(Plessy v.s
Ferguson)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">判決,確立對黑人採行「隔離但平等」的措施,該判決中有關「隔離」的部分被執行得十分徹底,但有關「平等」的部分則不然,導致美國南方出現更多種族隔離制度法令,甚至連在工廠、醫院及軍隊都採取種族隔離制度,遲至</span><span lang="EN-US">1954</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年才由最高法院推翻「隔離但平等」的論點,宣布「公立學校的種族隔離違反憲法」,廢除黑白分校的制度,這個後來被稱為「布朗裁決」的法令,才使起碼的教育體制不再有種族界限。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二、請說明社會契約論對國家起源的看法。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 洛克及盧梭對於國家的起源,基本上是持「社會契約論」的觀點,首先認為在原始時代,人們完全自由自在的生活在大自然中,沒有任何法令的束縛,當然也沒有國家的存在,因此人們不必納稅,也沒有交通警察來管你戴不戴安全帽,生活的不亦快哉。既然生活的如此快樂,為什麼人們又要組成國家,容忍國家這種組織的出現呢?其實自由的人們會組成國家及政府,乃是經過利益計算的,依盧梭等學者的說法,因為國家的組成會為人們謀更大的幸福,所以人們才會願意放棄自由而服從國家。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 進一步申論,因為在原始社會,人們雖然過著自由自在、無拘無束的生活,但因人沒有翅膀,所以無法像鳥一樣飛翔,人也只有兩隻腳,跑的速度也不及鹿或馬快,更沒有獅子、老虎般的銳利爪牙。因此,人們的生命隨時受到其他動物的威脅,為了免除這種威脅,個體之間必須互助,必須結合成群體,必須運用群體的力量來保護自己,才能存活於世上,於是家庭、部落、社會、政府、國家於焉誕生。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、請說明實質正義與程序正義的意義。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實質正義:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實質正義就公領域治理的角度觀之,必須堅守以公眾利益的實現為政府施政之中心任</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">務,達成盡可能最廣泛的公共利益,以及捍衛合乎憲政原理的治理過程。此即所謂「</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">做正確的事」。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進而言之,上述達成盡可能最廣泛的公共利益,也就是一種社會公正價值的體現,而</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">統治及公共行政之所以擁有正當性,就在於其行動乃是以社會公正的實現為其目標和</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">使命。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">程序正義:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">程序正義亦有稱為「過程正義」,所謂正確地做事,其目的在實現實質正義;惟在其</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實現的過程中,強調要合法、合適、合宜的依照一定程序去作為。例如行政機關為有</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">效的處理繁雜的日常事務,所發展出來一套例行化的慣例規則或行為模式,程為「標</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">準作業程序」(</span><span lang="EN-US">S.O.P</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">易言之,如果程序有瑕疵或根本未依照該有的程序作為,則其結果將不被視為正義,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此將不予採信;反之,如果程序完備,縱算結果不盡人意,或仍為某些人所不滿,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">仍應視為正義的實現。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四、實現轉型正義對社會的意義,主要表現那五個方面?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 專門研究和平與和解議題的英國學者瑞格比</span><span lang="EN-US">(Andrew Rigby)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,提出實現轉型正義對社會的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 意義,主要表現在下列五個方面:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於那些執政期間實行國家暴力,進行極權統治,並導致大批人民受到政治迫害的前</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">統治者來說,他們理應對他們的決策負責並付出代價。人要為自己的行動負責,這是</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">維繫社會秩序的基本倫理,不能因為對方是統治者就可以例外,也不能因為時間流逝</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就將這種基本倫理置之不顧。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">追究並處罰那些違反人權的統治者的責任,可以對那些潛在的做惡者起著震懾作用。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此對歷史的追究,其實主要的意義還是在於現在和未來。懲罰過去,是為了確保未來</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">類似的事情不再發生。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">審判那些在過去的日子裡犯有罪行的人,可以確定責任歸屬,防止傷及無辜。例如,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對納粹戰犯的審判,德國人是歡迎的,因為分清了領導人的具體罪責,做為整體的德國</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人就不必再承擔具體的責任。因此,實現轉型正義,也有安定社會內部,調和分歧的作</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">用。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由國家承擔轉型正義的責任,可以防止私下報復的行為。過去的歷史積累很多的舊帳,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們不可能要求過去的受害者完全忘記過去,完全寬恕迫害者,對於這些歷史受害者來</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說,他們心中積壓的怨恨如果不能在一個體制性的軌道上正常發洩出來,就會通過個別</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行為表達,那對社會的穩定與和解更具有威脅。因此,轉型後的國家應當盡快通過轉型</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正義的實現,來梳理清楚社會的遺留問題,不然社會的歷史包袱永遠會成為社會和諧的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">潛在破壞力量。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最後一個意義,就是通過審判和立法實現轉型正義,本身也是凸顯在民主轉型之後,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一切社會治理都要通過法治來解決的基本原則。換句話說,即使是歷史遺留問題,也能</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">通過法治的軌道解決,那麼在現實問題上,更可以確立法治的地位。法治是民主的基礎,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">突現法治的地位也是對民主轉型的進一步鞏固,更是對社會的民主教育。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五、何謂功利主義,何謂行為功利主義?規則功利主義?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">功利主義:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在哲學裡,功利主義是一種道德理論,主張行為的對錯或是非標準在於其是否能增進最</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大多數人的最大幸福,或是否能為最大多數人減少苦痛;邊沁</span><span lang="EN-US">(J. Bentham,)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">稱這主張為</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 「功利原則」</span><span lang="EN-US">(the principle of utility)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">功利主義以行動結果來判斷行動之是非對錯,並</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不考慮行動者的居心或動機。依這種理論而言,無論一個人居心如何良善,只要其行動</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">違反了功利原則,就視為錯為非;反過來說,不管一個人居心如何險惡,只要行動符合</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">功利原則,就可視之為對為是。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行為功利主義:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行為功利主義是在某些特殊情形之下,當規則功利主義不一定能創造最大利益時,可以</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個別行為謀取功利為考慮。例如「不可殺人」雖具有一定的普遍性,但是某些特殊情形</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卻不得不推翻這些規則。在戰場上的士兵,為了保衛國家殺人是當時的行為功利,或者</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有些國家對於重刑犯仍維持死刑的判決,也是一種特殊行為功利。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">規則功利主義:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">規則功利主義通常指的是一個普遍的規範,它可以為我們帶來最大的利益,如「不可殺</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人」這是保障人的生存權最高指導原則,這就是規則功利主義。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-90567340614837150542017-01-14T04:54:00.003-08:002017-01-14T04:54:42.003-08:00哲學與人生(一)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:哲學與人生(第一次作業)</b></span><br />
<div align="center">
<script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<br />
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="3553262511" style="display: block;"></ins><script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、蘇格拉底(</span><span lang="EN-US">Socrates</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)曾說:「未經檢驗過的人生是不值得活著!」(</span><span lang="EN-US">The unexamined
life is not worth living!</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)試反省並說明:生活的目的和生命的意義究竟為何?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">探尋生命意義是每個人必經的生命歷程:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 欠缺生活目標的生命,其本身因缺乏意義,而格外顯得茫然毫無目的,做起任何事亦</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 會顯得沒有動力。職是之故,尋找生活目的以及探尋生命意義,就成為每個人必經的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 生命歷程,生命倘若沒有確立目標,終日渾渾厄厄,這樣的人生根本就不值得活著。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有目標的人生方能不愄艱困:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 蘇格拉底曾說:「未經檢驗過的人生是不值得活著的!」此處所指的「檢驗」,應係人</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 們探尋生命意義的歷程,以及在設定人生目標後自我實現目標的過程。存在主義大師</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 維克多</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法蘭克</span><span lang="EN-US">(Viktor E.Frankl)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曾說:「只要有生存的目的,人們可以忍受任何形式的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 存在方式。」這句話反過來說,也就是指「人們一但欠缺了生命的目標,很快將會被</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 現實環境所淹沒」。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自我探索、自我實現以及自我創造才能活出精彩人生:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 人類的生命長則近達百年,短則數十載就得向塵世揮別,究竟要如何在攸攸的歷史長</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 河中激起澎湃的浪花?又或者在生命的詩冊中寫下豐富的詩句,就得在既短暫又有限</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 的時間裡自我探索、自我實現以及自我創造去完成,絕不是靠著打電玩、看電影、唱</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">KTV</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或是藉由漫罵收入、福利未能機械式平等就能活出有意義的精彩人生。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二、請以柏拉圖的理型論為基礎,舉例說明柏拉圖的藝術觀。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柏拉圖的理型論:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 柏拉圖是古希臘典型的唯心論哲學家,柏拉圖的美學觀是建立於他的「理型論」之基</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 礎上,他在《大希庇阿斯》篇中曾經試圖為美下定義,他認為美的事物是個別的,是</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 現象,而使那件事物之所以成其為美的那個「美本身」才是美的真正本質。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柏拉圖的藝術觀:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 柏拉圖認為現實世界中美的事物是多樣的且易變的,個別美的事物不算真正的美,一</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 點也不真實,因為事物的美是相對的,這些事物有可能是又美又醜,只有美的理型才</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 是真正的美、永恆的美,而人所感受到的美感,是靈魂在迷狂狀態中對於美的理念之</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 回憶。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、請舉例說明「美」、「美感」與「美的事物」這三個概念。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 當我們說:「這幅畫好美、這首音樂聽起來真美、這棟巴洛克風格的建築物真美或是這篇文章的文采華美」時,從字面上看,美似乎是我們所形容某件物的共同屬性,究竟「美」是什麼?若要武斷地說「美是一個事物或一種感覺」,其實都不恰當,在西方美學領域中,哲學家及藝術家們都曾試圖為「美」下一個明確的定義,有人從唯心論的角度出發,將美視為因對象所引起的一種愉快的感覺(美感),另外,也有人以唯物的觀點談美,認為的事物就是「美」。這些眾說紛紜的美學理論,迄今難有定論。事實上,美、美感、美的事物是分屬三個不同的概念,以下茲以自然美及藝術美嘗試說明三個概念的差異:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在自然美方面:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當我們上陽明山賞海芋,看到一片白色的花海時,會不禁讚嘆:「好美的海芋啊!」</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看到白色海芋搖擺於風中的婀娜姿態,令人心神愉悅,這種愉悅的感覺就是<b>「美感」</b>,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">海芋的型態與顏色屬性就是<b>「美」</b>,而海芋本身就是<b>「美的事物」</b>。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在藝術美方面:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米勒的名畫《拾穗者》,雖然畫中僅描繪三位農婦緩慢而笨重的移動於田間,低頭彎</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">腰拾穗,但米勒強調農婦寬闊結實的體格及從容的動作,並藉著陽光映照的農田襯托</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出三人簡樸而安定的身形,流露一股靜謐的氣氛,令觀賞者感同身受,也感染了畫中</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">安詳恬靜的氛圍,這樣的感受即是<b>「美感」</b>的產生,而《拾穗者》的形象屬性(顏色</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、線條、明暗等)就是<b>「美」</b>,觀賞者的美感體驗是因為這幅畫的形象所引發,具體</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">存在的這一幅畫則是<b>「美的事物」</b>。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「美」</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是事物中能引發人產生美感的形式或形象,而<b>「美感」</b>則是受某事物的形式或</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">形象所引發而產生的愉悅感,是一種情感反應,某一形象或形式是令人感覺愉快的事</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">物時,我們便稱它為<b>「美的事物」</b>。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四、請問「移情作用」和「心理距離」各自為何人所提出?並解釋之。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">移情作用:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">移情作用的提出者為德國學者李普斯</span><span lang="EN-US">(Lipps)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">移情作用的主要內涵:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李普斯認為,事物本來無所謂的美與醜,之所以有美、醜之別是因為有人的情感注入</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其中,才顯現出美與醜,這說明了美感包含了感情移入的現象。在中國哲學家竹林七</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">賢之一的稽康也曾提出「聲無哀樂論」,他以為聲音本身並沒有喜、怒、哀、樂之情,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是因為人主觀的情感作用,才讓音樂有了悲、喜之別,稽康這樣的看法似乎與李普斯</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的移情作用有一致之處。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">心理距離:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">心理距離的提出者為英國心理學家布洛</span><span lang="EN-US">(Bullough)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">心理距離的主要內涵:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">布洛認為,在審美活動中的確存在這種距離美感之效應,美和實際人生有一個距離,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要見出事物本身的美,需把它擺在適當的距離之外去看;亦即,藝術家和欣賞者皆需</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拋開實用主義的觀點,全神關注於事物本身的形象,藝術要與實際人生維持一種恰如</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其分的陌生化距離,才能成功的創作或欣賞藝術中的美感經驗。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五、請評論約翰.凱吉(</span><span lang="EN-US">John
Cage</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的作品《</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒》?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">) </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">約翰.凱吉(</span><span lang="EN-US">John Cage</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的《</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒》:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒》堪稱是</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">約翰.凱吉(</span><span lang="EN-US">John Cage</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)最具代表性、也最具爭議性的作品。這</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 首作品的曲名其實就是整首樂曲演出的時間長度,</span><span lang="EN-US">1952</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年在紐約首演時,由鋼琴家杜</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 多</span><span lang="EN-US">(D.Tudor)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">擔任演奏,這首三個樂章的樂曲,分成:</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒、</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒與</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒等</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個段落演出,當天的演出情形是杜多上台後將手錶置於鋼琴上,第一段落是鋼琴家</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">坐在鋼琴前,靜止不動</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒,打開琴蓋再放下,第二、三段落分別都以與第一段落相</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同的模式演出,其中最大差別僅僅是靜止的時間分別為</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒與</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒,然後</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 表演結束。整個演出過程中,最奇特的是杜多坐在鋼琴前不彈一音、不出一語。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評論:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聽眾不再是單純的聽眾:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在傳統的音樂會中,聽眾總是安靜地在觀眾席上等待舞台上演奏家的演出,無論是鋼</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 琴獨奏或是交響樂團合奏,聽眾的聽覺和視覺一定會從舞台上接收到某種確定的音樂,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 但這首《</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒》的演出卻是靜默無聲的。事實上,凱吉把音樂的演奏留給了聽眾</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ,在緘默的</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒中,可能有聽眾不安的竊竊私語聲、咳嗽聲、手錶滴答聲、場外</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 的噪音等非預期的「環境音樂」。在此,聽眾與周遭環境可能發出的聲響都成了表演者</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 之一,聽眾不再如往昔般被動的接收音樂,而是有主動參與的權力。在這部作品中,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 我們體驗到音樂也可以是「無聲」加上「其他的聲音」,至於「其他的聲音」是什麼並</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 無所謂。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演出者和聽眾必須擺脫傳統音樂理論的束縛:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 對凱吉而言,音樂是人類生活的片段或生活的環境,樂音與噪音皆是「音」,不必受傳</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 統音樂理論中和諧與不和諧音、有調性與無調性的範圍所束縛,樂曲不一定要有確定</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 性的音高、音長、音色、力度、速度以及曲式等音樂要素,演奏者可以隨意詮釋或即</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 興演奏,甚至欣賞者也可以參與其中。</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-71006309871969221852017-01-14T04:51:00.002-08:002017-01-14T04:51:38.550-08:00公民社會(二)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:公民社會(第二次作業)</b></span><br />
<div align="center">
<script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<br />
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="3553262511" style="display: block;"></ins><script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、哪些原因使得媒體難以實現「公共領域」的理想。(第七章)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家、黨、政、軍影響:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大眾傳播媒體的影響之大,受到國家的重視,因此國家對於不同媒體便採取不同的管</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 制方式。例如台灣在解嚴之前,政府以五禁(限張、限證、限印、限紙、限價)的方</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 式管制報業。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政黨介入,媒體成為某一個政黨的傳聲筒,多元意見無法在媒體上呈現,公眾無法獲</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 得足夠、完整的訊息,無法理性地辯論與討論,便無法在資訊充分的情境下參與公共</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 議題或政策的制定。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">市場影響:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過去</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多年來,世界上多數國家所遭遇到的處境很相似,掌控大眾媒體的力量由政治</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 轉變到私人企業財團。哈伯瑪斯在</span><span lang="EN-US">1962</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年便已洞識到公共領域受到侵蝕的過程,他發</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 現商業媒介非但無法扮演公共領域的角色,甚至還破壞了公共領域作為提供理性辯論</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 與政策決定的空間。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哈伯瑪斯以及之後研究公共領域的學者,對於現代大眾商業媒體的角色觀察,顯現出</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 幾個重點:媒體在所有權上被壟斷、媒體的內容因所有權壟斷也跟著被限縮、廣告與</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 政治顧問公司包裝的議題侵蝕了媒體空間、媒體為了增加商業利益而獨尊收視率並製</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 作迎合大眾口味,但不一定有助於公共領域發展的節目。凡此種種,都造成了大眾商</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 業媒體難以扮演理想型公共領域的角色。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有權壟斷:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">壟斷意指市場被少數一家或少數廠商所擁有,市場上的選擇很有限,因為缺乏來自其</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 他廠商的競爭,壟斷的廠商便可以自行決定價格,或自行決定提供的商品內容,消費</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 者在沒有其他選擇替代下,只能接受壟斷廠商所提供的產品。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前述壟斷的情形如果發生在媒體,媒體壟斷的結果,新聞媒體勢必無法提供多元客觀</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 的新聞給閱聽大眾,閱聽大眾自然也無法在足夠且多元客觀的資訊下,理性討論並爭</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 辯公共事務;亦即媒體壟斷將影響新聞自由,進一步傷害公共領域的實踐,使公民社</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 會難以運作。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">獨尊收視率:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">媒體在商業化並過度注重收視率的結果,恐導致新聞為吸引閱聽大眾而走向羶腥色,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 讓新聞去政治化,使新聞偏向個人話語及戲劇化,減少攸關公共利益的新聞內容。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">談話性節目以議題設定的方式,引導閱聽大眾接受非中立客觀的內容,或者提供假中</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 立客觀之名,卻難以查證是否屬實的內容,再配以來賓或主持人以誇張的、說故事的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 方式引起閱聽大眾激昂且不理性的情緒,在這樣的媒體情境與媒體內容下,閱聽大眾</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 難以理性地爭議並討論與公共事務有關的議題。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">業配新聞:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">近年來在商業利益的考量下,新聞媒體的業配新聞現象受到諸多質疑。「業配」指的是</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 業務配合,是一種置入性行銷,販賣報紙版面或新聞時段給廣告主,以收取廣告費用,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 更甚者,以新聞報導的方式撰寫廣告文,將廣告新聞化。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政黨與商業組織都可能以下廣告的方式與媒體合作業配新聞,這種新聞業配的內容,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 透過各種方式滲透到新聞等相關節目中,結果就是導致閱聽大眾接收特定團體所提供</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 的特定議題及資訊。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二、社交媒體對公民社會帶來哪些正面與負面的影響?(第八章)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社交媒體對公民社會的正面影響:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無時間性的時間:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 網際網路的最大特色之一是「無時間性的時間」,這是科技愛好者愛慕科技發展的原因</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 之一。這個概念意指時間失去了時間性,網際網路可以儲存訊息,讓我們可以決定何</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 時閱讀這些訊息,網際網路所提供的即時通訊也可以讓使用者決定何時回應。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">流動的空間:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 網際網路的最大特色之二是「流動的空間」。在網路社會中,空間是流動的,沒有具體</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 的範疇,空間是由電子交換的迴路所構成。例如我們可以坐在房間的電腦前,按按幾</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 個鍵,就完成金融交易。這種網路社會所具備的「無時間性的時間」及「流動的空間」</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 讓我們可以在同一個時間看到來自全球不同地方正在發生的事件,也讓我們不用出門</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 即可以完成在不同物理空間所進行的事。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提升資訊的接近性:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 過去在傳統時代倚賴代議制度的民主治政,因為網際網路的發展,讓所有人都可以接</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 近資訊,甚至可以線上投票。樂觀主意者認為,網際網路的發展帶來直接民主,在網</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 路發展的早期,可以透過網路論壇的形式達成,有意願參與者,直接進入論壇發表意</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 見,而且論壇也是基於對某個議題所設,可以說是某種公共領域,市民在其中發表意</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 見、理性討論,實現公民社會的精神。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">便利性與匿名性:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 網際網路的出現,個人或群組的資訊往來,不需要再透過有形的紙本傳遞,節省下許</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 多時間,資訊接收者不需要像接電話般地守在話機旁邊與來電者即時回應,可以選擇</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 方便的時間或地點回信即可。同樣地,個人與團體對於公共議題的討論也更為即時、</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 方便、直接,甚至可以在匿名的狀況下表達意見,免去來自於其他異見者的質疑與攻</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 訐。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社交媒體對公民社會的正面影響:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">網際網路的無政府狀態:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 網際網路的匿名性,讓發言者隱匿在螢幕後面發表不實言論而不會被究責,因為只要</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 使用代號即可上網發言,隱藏真實身分,發言者可以規避因誹謗而可能受到的刑責,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 因而透過匿名去散布假消息以試圖影響其他網民。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沉默螺旋效應:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 網際網路也可能帶來民粹或造成傳播理論上所談到的「沉默螺旋」效應。沉默螺旋係</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 指,當人們感知到大眾的意見與自己不同時,會選擇隱藏自己的意見,相反地,如果</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 人們感知到大眾的意見與自己相近,對自己有利時,就會主動表達意見,時間一久,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 表達意見者的造勢越強,保持沉默者越來越失去言論空間,強者在民意的螺旋中往上</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 升,緘默的聲音最後漸漸消失不見。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沉默螺旋效應對公民社會的不利性:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 例如媒體的宣傳效果會造成某位候選人的聲勢高漲,讓選民以為該位候選人呼聲很高,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 當選希望濃厚,使得原本有意支持對手候選人的選民因為擔心與主流民意悖離,害怕</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 被疏離,所以選擇不出聲。這樣的結果,也不符合網際網路扮演公共領域以促成公民</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 社會的期待。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、全球化的問題有哪些?(第九章)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自然環境的負荷過重:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 除了資源濫墾濫用,可以再生的資源越來越短缺之外,還包括全球廢棄物難以處理,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 亦即有毒的廢物再生(淨化)過程的緩不濟急,或者根本毫無可能解決。這些有害廢</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 棄物等,更進一步造成自然環境負擔過重。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大規模的貧窮之蔓延:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 全世界有五分之一以上的民眾活在絕對貧窮裡,三餐不得溫飽。更不用論及到衣服、</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 居住、行動之供給的不足。更有相對貧窮之說詞,例如偷渡、移民於富裕社會,變成</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 新社會不適應者、邊緣人等。而這些種種的貧窮產生,更是造成全球問題的產生。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大量毀滅性武器的擴散:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 毀滅性武器的存在,以及伴隨而來的集體暴力施行的潛在危機。冷戰的結束固然減少</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 核子武器對抗的危險性,但對於爆發核戰的威脅卻未能減到最低的程度。3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">犯罪轉移及疾病傳播:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 網路犯罪、傳染病的擴散、跨界污染問題,以及販賣人口、毒品及武器等,使國與國</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 之間面臨了更多極待共同解決的問題。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五</span><span lang="EN-US">)M</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">型社會嚴重化:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 網際網路的發展,快速改變了全球的經濟格局,同時打破了國家與國家之間的傳統格</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 局。其中,通訊革命在國與國之間所產生的效應,顯然有極大之落差。此乃導致國際</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 社會所謂貧者越貧,而富者越富的情況。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四、請簡述傳統發展觀的問題點所在。(第十章)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">傳統發展觀-現代化理論:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現代化理論流露出強烈的西方中心色彩,這個理論暗示開發中國家若想追求成長或進</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 步,就必須跟隨西方國家的腳步,主動融入西方建立的全球化市場,並從個人物質生</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 活的提升與自我發展的實現著手。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在這樣的想法下,不難想見人們會努力把河流開發為灌溉渠道,把草地推平蓋成高樓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 大廈。總之,在現代化理論之下,大自然被看成一處正在等待開發的「荒野」,而自然</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 之所以存在,就是因為它是人們開採資源的地方。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">環境論者認為,一個自私自利汲汲營營於金錢和財貨的社會,不見得是一個好的社會,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 與其為了追求生活水準而去破壞自然生態,還不如追求生活品質。易言之,我們應該</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 重視的是整體、公共生活的提升,而不是專注在個人財貨多寡之上。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人類中心主義:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人們的慾望常是無止境的,因此社會須要不斷進行開發與資源的獲取,才能確保生產</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 與消費不會停滯。如此的觀點,傾向把自然看成是:人類追求經濟發展與各項欲求滿</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 足的工具。這種以人類為主要考量的想法,在學說上稱之為「人類中心主義」,一旦採</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 取人類中心主義的觀點,我們很容易就會忽略其他物種與其他生命或生態形式的需求,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 而造成生態環境的損傷。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">採取「人類中心主義」此種工具價值的人,主要是從人類本位的角度出發,一般會比</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 較傾向認為當人們有經濟上的需要,就可以破壞自然,這對於環境的維持及保育,具</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 有相當大的傷害。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對人與人之間關係的反思:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了人與自然的關係之外,我們必須意識到西方社會之所以能夠快速發展,很大部分</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 的原因是因為他們把污染和資產的開採轉移到了落後國家。因此,開發中國家的自然</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 資源與勞工受到了已開發國家的剝削,而後進國的各項資源乃至文化也都會受到先進</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 國家的宰制和影響。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於西方近百年的高速發展,我們很容易就會以為現代化、甚至西化是唯一的一條路。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 但事實上,西方以大量消費為核心的社會構造,並不見得在本質上優於非西方社會。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 因為很多在地的資源利用方式,可能更能促使人與自然的關係趨向均衡,這樣的生活</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 方式也許更值得我們去追求。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五、災難可以區分為哪些類型?(第十一章)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自然危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地球內部構造相關危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 此類危害導因於地殼的移動,例如地震、火山活動、海嘯等,甚至排出有毒之氣體。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大規模運動危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 此類危害來自大量或是大型物體,受地心引力影響,產生劇烈的向下運動,以及非地</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 震所引起的大規模的地表收縮或擴張,例如:山崩、落石、土石流、雪崩或是岩溶塌</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 陷等。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水文危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 水文危害包括缺少或是過多的水造成的危害,包含洪災、沿岸侵蝕、土壤侵蝕、土壤</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 鹽鹼化、乾旱以及沙漠化等,其中洪災可以說是全球最常見的災難。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">氣象危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 氣象危害與天氣的型態有關,是影響範圍最廣的自然危害,受到氣溫、風速、濕度等</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 各種複雜因子影響,這類危害包括颱風、季風、龍捲風、暴風雪、霜害、熱浪、沙暴、</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 雷雨、大霧以及近年來常聽到的聖嬰和反聖嬰現象等。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">5.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">生物及健康有關的危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 所謂的生物危害,泛指肇因於動植物及人類疾病相關危害,來源危括細菌、病毒、污</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 染物、化學物質、毒物等,各種動植物的流行性感冒均屬之。例如</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年在台灣造成</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 重大衝擊的</span><span lang="EN-US">SARS</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">疫情,以及每年夏天所流行的登革熱疫情等。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">6.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其他自然危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 其他不屬於上述分類項目的其他自然危害,包括隕石、自然毒害、太空天氣(發生在</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 外太空但對地球有影響的自然活動,例如太陽閃焰)、動物攻擊等。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科技危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">交通危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 交通危害已經是世界各地普遍可見的科技危害之一,包含交通建設危害、空難、火車</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 事故、道路事故、海上事故等。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基礎設施危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 係指重要維生服務系統,或任何服務大眾的資產相關的損害,包含停電、網路中斷、</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 供水系統失能、供氣系統損毀、水壩潰堤、食物短缺、金融危機等。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工業危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 導因於工業或是工業化過程的危害,包含有害物質的加工及存放的相關問題、原物料</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 提取的相關問題,例如:礦災或是工業重金屬污染等。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">建築火災及倒塌:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 建築火災與倒塌造成的傷亡,這是人類社會最常見危害之一,所造成的損失遠勝於其</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 他危害的總和。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人類行為與政治危害:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 此等危害來自於人們有意識的決定所導致,大多為反社會行為,例如恐佈主義、炸彈</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 攻擊、生化攻擊、核武、戰爭、種族屠殺等。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-83017304121443405242017-01-14T04:47:00.002-08:002017-01-14T04:47:46.351-08:00公民社會(一)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:公民社會(第一次作業)</b></span><br />
<div align="center">
<script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<br />
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="3553262511" style="display: block;"></ins><script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、請問公民社會與公共性的關係為何?試申述之。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公民參與與公共責任:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由民主社會本質之權責關係來看,在民主憲政歷程,憲法保障個人追求個人權益之自</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由,但此個人幸福的追求與自我實現的自由本質,應基於維持與尊重的前提下開展。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若個體為追求個人權益,枉顧他人利益,以至於危害社會秩序與穩定時,或連個人自</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由權均將不保,因此,公共責任所顧慮的是公共利益的實現,致使社會全體成員皆得</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以完成自我實現。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,公共責任範圍應為公領域,公民與社會間的共同責任,公民是以社會成員身分</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而存在,在面對國家政治和社會間公共利益之權衡,這時私人身分地位需適度隱藏,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進一步改以社會人身分考量多重性利益糾葛,適度解決公共性問題,營造多元性文化</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會,展現公共性面向以及社會、經濟、政治認知與道德的不同面向;尤其在先進性</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與前瞻性之思維下,公民參與社區公共事務基於親身體驗,可以較輕易的免去偏執觀</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">念,以及本身專業傲慢所造成社區發展的阻撓。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公民參與內涵的公共責任意識:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公共責任於法律或道德面之觀念認知:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先,在法律權利義務方面,在於要求公民得以明確意識其本身基於公民身分,所享</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有之一般性權利,同時負有相應義務;公民之權利內容、行使方式、責任內容,以及</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">履行方式等,全部都需要由憲法及相關之法律為具體規定。而道德意識層面的公共責</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">任,除了法律為基礎之外,更應進一步意識其責任內涵,如身為國家公民,或者身為</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社區公民成員,應該為國家、社區公共利益考量,即須承擔定量之責任內涵。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公民參與和公共責任的關連:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一般而言,公民參與並不是以國家為其唯一中心的機制,而是由各式各樣各種類型之</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自發性、志願性社團,包含在一定範圍內之社區成員,所自由組成的有機體。易言之</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,即在法律規範之下具有公共性的公共領域所創建之組織,這與由國家法定機關所為</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之組成者並非相同。在憲政民主化之發展下,社區公民參與社區發展項下之公共事務</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,公民參與不僅是其所擁有的一種權利,當然也是公民的義務與公共性責任的所在。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二、有些人主張「政府的干預越少越好,一切最好都交由市場來決定」。請問您是否贊成此種說法?請說明之。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">市場必勝論可能導致人際間的疏離:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 哈佛大學政治哲學教授桑德爾</span><span lang="EN-US">(Michael sandel)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等人最憂心之事,即當代資本主義經濟</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 體系所推進的市場、商品等概念。他們擔心過度推進市場與商品化的過程,會導致公</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 民的政治意識薄弱,進而帶來共同體及其成員間相互的疏離,以及虛無主義的瀰漫。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 事實上,在八○年代之後,美國總統雷根以及英國首相柴契爾等「親市場派」人士的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 大力推動下,各國普遍瀰漫了一種希望拉大公民與國家間距離的看法。也就是人們希</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 望大幅減少政府對人民日常生活的干預,也就是「讓政府別找麻煩」,好讓人民「過自</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 己的生活」。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">市場並非萬靈丹:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 在這種「政府別來找麻煩」的看法下,市場被描述成某種解決問題的萬靈丹,若使用</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 得當,人們甚至認為市場可以扮演公益、公善的推手。比方說,有些學校會用發放「</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 獎金」的方式來鼓勵學童多閱讀。也就是說,學校透過一定有誘因,來引發學生的閱</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 讀興趣。就短期來看,誘因確實可以改變學童行為,讓他們閱讀更多的書籍。問題是,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 久而久之學生可能會本未倒置地把閱讀當成賺取零用錢的工具,而不再把閱讀當成是</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 一種生活的樂趣。易言之,金錢的誘因使得學童發生了目標的錯置。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重新思考市場與基本價值之間的關聯:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 我們應該種新審視市場的角色,並檢視市場的界線何在。在</span><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年金融海嘯之後,世</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 界各國都逐漸意識到市場並非萬能。而且,如果沒有一定的規範,個人利益的追逐並</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 不必然有助於整體社會的福祉。因此,我們必須思考市場與基本價值之間的關聯究竟</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 何在。至於這些界線的拿捏則必須透過民主的機制,以及公民反覆的對話來達成。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、有學者提出「以社會公正作為最高的公共價值,乃是建構優質公民社會的關鍵基礎」。試依所學,評價這種看法。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會公正之意涵:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 社會公正包涵平等的觀念,但社會公正並不等同於各種平等的概念,在某些情況下,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 為了達成社會公正的理想,甚至可能違背某些平等的原則。不過,在許多的情況當中,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 平等確是達成社會公正的基本前提,而且平等有多種不同的概念意涵,其中部分是達</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 成社會公正狀態的基礎,因此社會公正與平等息息相關。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會公正可以彌補經濟效率的不足:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 傅雷德瑞克森認為,強調社會公正的觀念可以彌補公共行政只重效率和經濟之不足。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 進而將之作為公共行政的核心價值時,將使得公共行政蘊含價值偏好、組織設計的偏</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 好,以及管理風格的偏好等多重特特質,臚列如下:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會公正強調政府服務的平等。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會公正強調經理人計畫執行與決策的責任。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會公正重視公共管理的變遷。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會公正重視對於公民的回應性,而非公共組織的需求。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">5.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會公正著重於公共行政的研究途徑和教育,其特色在於科際整合、應用性、問題</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 解決取向,並且傾向於發展周延的理論。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會公正的哲學基礎及其道德關懷性質:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 吾人可以發現,基於社會公正之價值所擬定的政策,其結果可以促使社會不再朝極端</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 的「弱肉強食」之傾向發展,而蘊含著人文色彩與道德關懷的特質。羅爾斯的正義理</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 論可以為社會公正的概念提供良好的後設敘事,以羅爾斯的觀念為基礎,套用政治經</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 濟學中的概念,社會公正具有濃厚的財富「重分配」的意味,而就日常用語而言,它</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 則充滿了所謂「扶弱濟貧」的意味,或從道德哲學的角度觀之,社會公正乃是利他主</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 義的展現。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四、請闡述多元論對於公民參與的觀點。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元論的意涵:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元論是自由民主社會當中公共治理的主流思想之一,其主張國家應是多元政體的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 型態。所謂多元政體,係指政治體系應能包容各種價值,而且這些價值可以自由地</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 競爭,向國家機關以公開、平等的方式提出訴求,至於國家機關的各種治理作為就</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 是對於各種利益訴求之回應。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元論在政治的實務上又被稱為利益政治或是壓力政治,在政治學當中又稱利益團</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 體理論或團體理論。之所以會有以上的名稱,是因為多元論下的公共治理實務,基</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 本上呈現了利益團體代表個人向國家機關遊說、施壓以進行權益訴求的樣貌。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元論對於公民參與的觀點:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元論者認為,個人必然地要組織起來,以凝聚力量向國家機關、民意代表施加壓</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 力、進行訴求、爭取權益,以免個人的聲音淹沒於舉世滔滔之中,並且避免個人的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 權益遭到政客刻意的漠視甚至侵害。職是之故,利益團體在此公共治理實務中扮演</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 了匯聚民力、表達民意的重要角色。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在多元論的觀點之下,利益團體成為個人和國家機關之間的橋樑,個人只有在身為</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 利益團體成員或是代表利益團體時,其所採取的任何行動和作為始有意義。易言之,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 在多元論的公共治理實務當中,利益團體代表了其成員的立場、意見和權益,利益</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 團體被視為等同於成員個體,亦即公眾就是利益團體。所以,以多元論為途徑的政</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 治研究當中,個人並無多大意義,利益團體才是主要的研究對象。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五、請說明利益團體的主要訴求途徑有哪些?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">遊說:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 在美國「遊說」可說是整個公共事務運作的重心。由於美國的憲政體制本質上是根據</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 多元主義的精神而設計,行政部門無權向立法部門提案,與其他國家比較,美國的立</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 法部門自主性較高,所以即便是身為政府部門之一的行政部門,也經常要採取遊說的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 途徑促使立法部門通過其所欲的政策及法規。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持候選人:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 利益團體並非政黨,其達成目的所採取的手段不是執政,但是利益團體卻經常支持特</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 定候選人競選,希望其當選進入公職體系後,能夠為利益團體爭取權益。因此,利益</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 團體會在選舉期間動員人力、物力、財力為特定候選人助選的情形十分普遍。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對政黨提供政治獻金:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 此一途徑與前述支持候選人的性質十分相似,但不同的是在此途徑項下,利益團體活</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 動的對象是政黨,其內容主要是對政黨提供資助而非特定政治人物。利益團體對政黨</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 提供政治獻金的目的與前一項大致相同,主要是希望政黨能夠在必要的時候,能夠約</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 束其從政的黨員做出有利於利益團體的決策及行動。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">媒體宣傳:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 透過媒體將訴求主張公諸社會大眾,試圖營造輿論支持的氛圍,俾便對國家機關構成</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 一定程度的壓力,乃是利益團體最常用的途徑之一。運用媒體宣傳也有諸多做法,例</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 如刊登廣告、召開記者招待會、舉辦活動吸引媒體報導、主動發佈新聞稿、安排媒體</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 專訪、讀者意見投書等等。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">群眾抗爭運動:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 利益團體為了提高訴求的聲調,亦時常採用聚眾遊行、示威等抗爭手段,以博取社會</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 的關注,並對政府施加更大的壓力。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">六</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">舉辦活動:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 利益團體為吸引媒體報導、凝聚成員的向心力、塑造良好形象、引起社會關注、擴大</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 群眾參與以壯大聲勢等戰術目的,亦經常會舉辦各式各樣的活動,以利於其所欲之訴</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 求的提出。</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-89999109224161155242016-09-26T05:52:00.001-07:002016-09-26T06:00:22.260-07:00工商心理學(二)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:工商心理學(第二次作業)</b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;">一、請列舉說明<span lang="EN-US">Kirkpatrick</span>所提評估訓練績效的四大標準。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>反應<span lang="EN-US">(Reaction)</span>:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 這是評鑑受訓者對訓練課程本身的滿意程度。一般都是以問卷的方式進行,評鑑的項<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 目包括對講師教學內容與教學態度的反應,對課程、教材、教學方式、訓練環境以及<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 學員本身參與程度等意見。在受訓學員填妥評鑑表之後,可以根據評鑑表的結果,改<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 進學員感到不滿意的項目。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>學習<span lang="EN-US">(Learning)</span>:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 這一項是評鑑受訓學員是否因訓練而態度有所改變,知識或技巧有所改進。<span lang="EN-US">Kirkpatrick<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 建議在受訓前及受訓後舉行測試,以便進行比較。假如可能的話,可以設定對照組(<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 即找一群不參加訓練的員工來做比較)以確實評鑑訓練的成效。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>行為<span lang="EN-US">(Behavior)</span>:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>這一項是評鑑受訓後,學員是否改用新態度、新知識及新技巧於原來工作上,而增<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 加工作效率。此項評估不像前兩項可以在訓練之後立即進行評鑑,它必須是經過一<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 段時間或有表現的機會後,才會發生行為改變。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>因此,評鑑必須在訓練結束至少三個月之後才能進行,進行的方式可以問卷調查及<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 訪問會談為之。這項調查不但費時費力,而且費錢。一般而言,訓練後的效果追踨,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 是整個訓練最難評估的一項。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>結果<span lang="EN-US">(Results)</span>:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 訓練對組織整體效能產生什麼樣的影響?是業績的成長、利潤的增加、品質的提高,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 或是成本的下降?到底訓練的投資報酬率如何計算?這是很多從事訓練的人想要知<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 道的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;">二、請列舉說明至少五種績效評估的方法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 學生試以三種客觀效標評量法及二種主觀效標評量法,說明績效評估方法如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>客觀效標評量法:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>工作量:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 是以計算員工相關行為之發生次數或產品之數量為其績效。例如,推銷員所賣出的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 商品件數、刑警的破案件數、生產線員工裝配零件的數目或職棒比賽的觀眾人數等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 這些資料似乎很客觀且容易測得,但可能受到不同因素所污染(如區域、氣候或季<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 節等),也可能受到許多非員工能力或工作內容所能控制的因素所影響,而形成錯誤<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 的考核結果。此外,有許多工作性質並不易量化分析,例如電腦程式設計、醫師看<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 診或老師教學等工作,便不適合以工作量衡量其績效。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>工作品質:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 將員工的工作成果與事先設立的標準進行比較,測量其間的差異程度,差異超出標<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 準範圍時,表示品質不良。許多組織常運用標準化作業流程及檢核程序,確保正常<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 的工作品質,在成本及效益考量下,品質太好或太差,均不是好的績效,品質不良<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 當然對產品的聲譽造成影響,但是品質太好,便使成本提高,且銷售量會因此下降。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>出勤:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 包括缺席、遲到與年資三部分。基於行政目的之考量,大多數的績效考核作業,均<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 將缺席與遲到紀錄列為績效考核項目的一部分。而年資則常被用作評量甄選功能有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 效與否的指標,以及薪資管理的依據,有些組織依年資之長短來判別是否為成功的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 甄選,並據以發給留職獎金,藉此確保工作的持續運作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>主觀效標評量法:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>關鍵事例法:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>關鍵事例法又稱特殊事蹟法,是主管就每一位部屬保存一份有關其工作表現的特<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 別良好或不良事例的紀錄,主管於績效考核時據此記錄與部屬討論其工作績效的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 方法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>關鍵事例法之優點:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> ①主管在績效考核時,有實際的事例可參照,員工的工作表現明確且具體。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> ②因所依據的是平時的工作表現紀錄,使得主管所做出的考核結果不會只根據部<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 屬最近的表現印象下判斷,可避免近時<span lang="EN-US">(Recency)</span>誤差。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> ③在績效回饋面談時,有助於澄清員工那些是有效或無效的工作行為,幫助員工<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 瞭解自己該如何修正績效上之偏差。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>關鍵事例法之缺點:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 關鍵事例法並未提供量化的績效結果,以致無法比較員工之間績效優劣之程度,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 對升遷或調薪等決策助益甚少。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>行為觀察量表法:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>此法是對斷欲考核的各績效相關行為,給予具體的行為或實例描述且標註分數。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 主管在考核部屬績效時,評量其行為發生的頻率,再加總各構面分數而得整體績<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 效分數的一種績效考面方法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>行為觀察量表法之優點:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> ①結合了評定量表法之量化及關鍵事例法之具體行為描述的優點。考核結果為明<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 確且量化的績效分數,故可比較員工之間的績效優劣,對升遷或調薪等決策有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 所幫助。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> ②在績效回饋面談中,有助於澄清員工之有效或無效的工作行為項目及發生頻率<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 的高低,提供員工更具體之改變行為及增進績效的方向。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>行為觀察量表法之缺點:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> ①發展一套行為觀察量表通常耗費大量的時間與金錢。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> ②因每半年才考核一次,主管在績效考核時,對部屬的行為發生頻率不一定清楚,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 容易僅憑少數的行為印象回憶或對部屬的刻板印象下判斷,以致造成誤差。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;">三、請圖示說明工作特徵模式(<span lang="EN-US">Job Characteristics Model</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-align: center; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:255.75pt;
height:200.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\FAN-FAN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="工作特徵模式"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="267" src="file:///C:/Users/FAN-FAN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="341" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;">四、請描述說明消費者的決策過程。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>消費者的決策過程:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>確認問題或需求。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>經由內在(如個人的過去經驗)及外在(親友的意見或廣告等)的訊息蒐集。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>進行品牌或可行方案評估。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 4.</span>比較各品牌的優缺點後做成購買決策;亦可能有不買的決定。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 5.</span>購後評估則是評量自己的決策歷程,以做為未來購買類似產品的參考。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>消費者決策過程之解釋:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 在上述五個過程中,可看出購買的過程早在採取購買行動之前就已經開始,而且並<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 未在購買後就結束,而且在各決策階段都可能發現不足而回到前面的階段,甚至從<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 頭開始。消費者會從自己的決策過程中學習。同時,行銷工作者應該了解整個購買<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 的過程,而不只是購買而已,如此才能擬定出更有效的行銷策略。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>消費者的決策過程圖解:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;">
→ 不滿意→ 重新搜索<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 需求→ 訊息搜集→ 品牌評估→ 購買→ 購後評估<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;">
→ 滿意<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;">五、請列舉說明產品包裝的功能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>描述產品:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 包裝是商品與消費者在購買前的最後溝通,因此包裝必須有溝通產品屬性的功能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 因此,包裝上應標示成分、使用方法、製造商及代理廠商、保存方法、保存期限等<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 等,以幫助消費者了解產品。此外,包裝也可用來區分不同系列的產品,例如紅色<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 標示全脂牛奶,藍色則標示低脂牛奶。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>保護產品:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 適當的包裝可以避免產品在運送過程中受到損害或污染,而影響產品的品質。例如,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 易碎物品必須有防震、防壓材質的包裝保護。其他,如避免產品受潮、高溫、蟲蛀、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 腐蝕、以及化學變化等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>吸引、說服消費者:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 消費者必須知道產品的存在,或看到產品,才會考慮購買該產品。研究指出,<span lang="EN-US">53%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 的購買屬於衝動式的購買,包裝就好像在消費者購買前給予<span lang="EN-US">5</span>秒鐘的產品廣告。一<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 個具創意的包裝設計在貨架上呈現時,即可形成意想不到的目光吸引效果,而達到<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 產品銷售之目的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>產品形象的塑造:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -22.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt;"> 產品的形象是在產品、促銷、價格以及包裝的配合下,產生消費者對產品的認知。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> 因此,好的包裝可以賦予產品不同的「生命力」,有助於產品的定位以及形象的塑造。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-599826664558172012016-09-26T05:48:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:10:54.300-07:00工商心理學(一)<b><span style="font-size: large;">科目:工商心理學(第一次作業)</span></b><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;">一、工商心理學的定義是什麼?它的主要領域包括有哪幾大部分?您修習本課程的動機為何?請說明之。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>工商心理學的定義:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 係指將心理學知識,應用到人類組織及其相關活動的問題上,特別是人力資源<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 的利用以及商業活動上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>工商心理學的主要領域:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>科學面:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 科學面是以理論研究為基礎,提供基本知識與瞭解,其目的在決定人類行為,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 尤其是在工商環境下行為隱含的理由基礎,並發展理論來解釋行為,以應用於<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 實際問題上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>應用面:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 應用面則著重於應用由理論研究所產生的知識,以處理解決實際的問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>小結:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 工商心理學是一門實用科學,以能解決實際問題為最終目的,但事實上理論的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 基礎也不能偏廢,唯有透過對科學面的熟稔,才能實際發揮功能;同樣地,透<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 過處理實際問題所累積的經驗,有助於理論的形成與驗證。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>修習工商心理學的動機:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>學習溝通與領導的技巧:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 有效的溝通與領導,是組織成功的關鍵。藉由工商心理學的修習,可以習得良<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 好溝通技巧的要件與要素;此外,藉由特質論、交換論以及情境論等領導理論<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 的研讀,亦可提升自我的領導能力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>學習衝突管理與協商談判的技巧:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 不論是日常生活或工作職場,衝突與談判協商都是我們無法避免的問題,藉由<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 修習工商心理學,可先就衝突的意義與層次作一釐清,再進而深入探究可能產<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 生衝突的原因,從而歸結出良好的衝突管理方式,以及協商談判的技巧。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>學習壓力管理的技巧:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 適度的壓力雖然可以提升工作表現,然而過低或過高的壓力卻會對工作表現帶<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 來負面的影響。我們瞭解壓力的來源有很多途徑,以及個人不同的認知與經驗,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 使得個人在面對壓力時會產生不同的反應症狀,藉由修習工商心理學,可習得<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -26.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 壓力管理的技巧,進以增加對於壓力的容忍能力,並減低壓力帶來的負面效果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;">二、常見的溝通障礙有哪些?可克服溝通障礙之溝通技巧又有那些?請舉例並說明之。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>常見的溝通障礙:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>訊息過濾:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 在編碼中,傳送者特別處理所欲傳出的訊息,使之符合接受者的口味;就好像<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 傳送者使用過濾器,寫對方愛看的,說對方愛聽的,是接受者比較偏好的訊息。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 實徵研究發現:組織的層級越多,訊息被過濾的可能性越大。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>選擇性知覺:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 在解碼中,接受者受到個人需求、興趣、經驗、背景、態度等之影響,而僅選<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 擇訊息中的一部分來解碼,使得原意失真,此為選擇性知覺。此外,接受者亦<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 把個人的興趣、期望投射至傳來的訊息中,把訊息解釋成自己所希望的意思,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 扭曲訊息的原意;就好像接受者戴著有色眼鏡看東西。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>情緒:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 接受者在收到訊息時的情緒,會影響他解碼的結果;同樣訊息在一般情況或憤<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 怒下,接受者會有不同的解釋。因此,在悲傷或興奮時,情緒判斷往往取代理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 性、客觀的思考,這就影響溝通的有效性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>語文:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 同樣文字對不同的人會有不同的意思;一般而言,一個人的年齡、教育、文化<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 背景影響他對語文的定義及使用。訊息傳送者往往認為他使用的語文與接受者<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 一樣;但事實並不如此,這也造成溝通上的問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">) </span>可克服溝通障礙之溝通技巧:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>使用簡單的語文:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 溝通的訊息要簡單、短小、有重點。過多的訊息量會超出個人的負荷,一些多<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 餘的訊息反而干擾重要的部分,造成溝通障礙。此外,避免使用專門術語,它<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 適合在特定團體中使用,這對局外人而言會造成困擾。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>主動、專注的傾聽:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 一個好的傾聽者跟好的表達者同樣重要。在溝通中,雖然人在聽的比例很高,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 但真正注意聆聽,明瞭對方意思的人卻不多。大部分人認為聽是一種接受訊息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 的被動過程;其實,聽的過程相當主動,例如聽不懂時,會主動提出問題,甚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 至會把對方的意思用自己的話來表達。在傾聽時,確信自己完全瞭解對方的意<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 思後再反應,避免遽下結論。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>調節適當的訊息量:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 若溝通訊息量超出個人或部門負荷時,往往形成溝通瓶頸,影響組織內溝通品<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 質。此時,為管制過多的訊息,組織可設定訊息把關者,決定那些訊息可傳出;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 或依訊息的重要性、急迫性等原則,順序依次傳出。因過量訊息在傳送時,原<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 意易被扭曲,訊息中某些重要線索也易遺失,或其它無關的線索被加入訊息內。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>打開向上溝通管道:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 組織透過員工完成其目標,因此,有效組織必須與員工維持良好的溝通,了解<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 他們的想法。但大部分員工多認為他們與組織間並沒有應有的溝通品質,員工<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 也不願意使用現有管道,將自己的看法告訴高階主管。如何改善組織內向上溝<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 通的管道,目前的作法包括:員工意見箱、員工熱線、非正式聚會、定期員工<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 意見調查等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;">三、衝突形成的原因有哪些?工作衝突的管理技巧為何?並請就您工作上的經歷、或者根據報章報導,舉例說明成功的衝突管理經驗或作法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>工作衝突的成因:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>資源有限:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 當組織的結構資源(如:金錢、物資、人力、職位)與生產利益(如:獎金、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 股份、公費進修)有限,並非人人可得的時候,衝突的發生便是管理者可預期<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 的。常見的情況是:論功行賞之餘,未獲得實質獎勵的員工,極可能因目標受<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 挫或自覺尊嚴受損,而覺得深受挫折,有的採取降低工作品質以消極抗議,有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 的採取爆發式的集體請願、罷工,這一類的衝突都是肇因於典型的資源有限性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>價值差異:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 工作衝突的另一項主要原因,來自員工或部門團體之間所秉持的組織目標有所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 不同,亦即彼此之價值理念存在差異。僅管所有成員都與公司共存共榮、息息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 相關,然而,對發展、成功等價值之認同,仍然無法免除性別差異與認知差距。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 因此,不同的員工各以自我的價值體系來定位組織目標時,格格不入或針鋒相<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 對的情況便會形成衝突的情境了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>方法不同:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 即使全體成員對組織目標都具有共識,也有可能因為採取方法的不同而引起衝<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 突。例如:營業部門主張儘量僱用學生打工,既可節省人力成本,又符合公司<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 朝氣活力的形象;然而,人事部門認為打工學生離職率高、結構不穩定、操作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 技術不純熟、職前訓練費用成本相對提高,又因成品耗損率高,反而有損公司<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 形象。雙方的目標都在於提升投資報酬率與企業形象,但因審度事情的立場不<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 同,導致採用的方法也會相互對立,衝突便可能一觸即發。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>工作性質:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 各部門性質不同、工作內容迥異,也可能是衝突的原因所在。例如,當會計幕<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 僚碰上研發小組時,前者以開源節流為專長,後者是只求創新不惜砸錢的姿態,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 因為工作性質差異導致衝突的現象便顯而易見了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>個別差異:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 俗諺:「一樣米養百樣人」、「十指長短個個不一」,都生動地反應了個別差異的事實,也道出了衝突的可能原因。例如公司中資深員工與新進人員間,可能因為成長的時代背景不同,造成觀念對立。尤其在組織結構龐大、團體異質性強、不同世代共事的組織內,屢見不鮮。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">6.</span>人格特質:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 人格,是個人對外在環境適應時所顯示的獨特個性,由表現於身心雙方面的特<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 質所組成,某些特定的人格特質,常常是群體中工作衝突的成因。例如:攻擊<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 性強、神經質高、變異性大、協調性低等個性的人,常成為衝突圈的暴風眼。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">7.</span>性別因素:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 受到世界潮流及社會變遷的影響,女性在教育、政治、經濟和社會地位上,已<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 獲得相當程度的平權保障。然而,因為性別因素而導致的衝突卻仍時有所聞。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 例如:過去某些航空公司、金融機構的「單身條款」,強制女性婚後必須被迫離<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 職,便是相當明顯的性別歧視。而晚近因社會風氣漸趨開放、兩性平權呼聲漸<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 高,隨之而來的「性騷擾」問題,也成為媒體追逐、大眾關切的工作衝突問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">8.</span>溝通障礙:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 訊息傳達者無法有效表達原意,或訊息接收者不當解碼、混淆扭曲的作用,都<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 會形成人際溝通的障礙,埋下衝突的成因或加速衝突的強力。例如,組織結構<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 化之後,科層體制的訊息傳達網絡就極容易因為個人的預設立場、認知能力、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 情緒作用、傳達方式與表達技巧等,造成溝通的障礙。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">9.</span>領導風格與組織氣氛:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 由於個人特質、管理方式、溝通技巧、專業能力等因素交互作用,而形成團體<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 領導者獨特風格,與全體成員個人特質、群際互動所共同形塑的組織氛圍,對<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 於衝突的產生或化解具有決定性的作用。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">10.</span>競爭與壓力:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 競爭與壓力雖不必然引發衝突,卻很難避免衝突的危機。就組織行為與團體動<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 力而言,適度的競爭與壓力是必需的,它能激發內在潛力與意志,滿足個人自<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 我實現的需求。但是,不當的惡性競爭、過度的工作壓力,一旦超越個人或團<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 體所能承受的臨界點,甚至威脅其生存與目標時,激烈的抗爭與攻擊便也可能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 漫越理智的閘門傾洩而出了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>工作衝突的管理技巧:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>尊重仲裁者:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 衝突伴隨極強烈的情緒作用,理性程度不高,若任由雙方繼續交戰,必然是玉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 石俱焚的後果,不如尋求一位雙方都肯定與尊重的仲裁者,方能展開理性的對<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 話,尋求解決之道。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>分而治之:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 組織中對立性強、摩擦度高的部門與個人,應設法作空間與時間上的隔離或交<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 錯,對於共同爭取的利益與資源,盡量分別供應與滿足,則不難消弭衝突於無<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 形。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>促進雙方瞭解:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 在組織設計與職務劃分中,安排適當機會讓不同部門與不同層級的成員互相瞭<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 解對方的職能,則可避免許多無謂的衝突。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>設置專職管理單位:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 管理部門於組織中的地位,猶如腦神經中樞之於人體,不僅能有效的傳達命令、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 指示執行,還能負擔協調折衷、調解排難的工作,因立場超然、專職專權,較<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 能掌握組織全面生態,洞悉衝突之前因後果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>重視人性層面:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 適當的使用磋商與協調方式,以取代情緒性的對抗,運用將心比心的同理技巧,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 為自己與對方保留轉圜的空間,或以理直氣和的態度與誠摯中肯的措詞來解除<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 防衛機制,都是掌握人性層面的重要關鍵。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>舉例說明:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 不論是何種階級、何種場域、何種人際,其實都存在著衝突,尤以政治理念的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 相左、利益團體資源的分配不均此種社會性的衝突事件最為明顯。學生試以社<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 會資源競奪所產生的衝突,說明衝突解決方法如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>採取開放的態度:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 整體社會的資源有限,每個部門、利益團體,為能取得有限的資源,無不卯盡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 全力排除其他團體的意見,以獲得有限的資源。惟,只顧及自己的利益而不願<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 聽取他人的意見,對於整個公共行政是相當不利與危險的。所以在爭取有限資<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 源的同時,也應採取開放的態度,廣納全體的意見,才能將有限的資源利用在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 最有成效的地方,甚至得到事半功倍的效果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>捨棄本位主義:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 每個部門、利益團體為能達成自己的組織目標,均會將組織或團體利益擺在最<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 前面,在看待事情的角度上,大都採用本位主義的視角,難以接受他人的意見<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 或需求。惟,只顧及自己的目標及利益,而不願正面看待其他團體的需求或困<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 難時,終將導致因競奪資源而產生的激烈衝突,不妨暫時放下本位主義,就現<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 有的資源進行磋商,瞭解彼此的重要需求,重新規劃資源的分配,方能有效解<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-char-indent-count: -2.18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 決衝突。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;">四、<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK4"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK3">在生活中、工作中有那些因素會造成壓力</a>?個人及組織有那些方法可以將壓力的負面結果降到最小?請您舉例並說明之。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>造成壓力的因素:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>環境因素:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 人的工作壓力不僅只出於工作本身,根據組織是一個開放性系統的論點,外界<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 環境條件會影響到工作者、工作本身,進而影響工作者對環境的壓力感受。環<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 境因素的壓力來源有:政治、經濟的不穩定,以及社會、科技的變遷。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>個人因素:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 一般人每天工作八小時,其餘是自己控制運用的時間,這段時間所經歷的滿足<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 感或壓力會延伸到工作上。反之亦然,這就是所謂的「溢延效應」。在個人生活<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 上,有各種事件、改變或因素會引起壓力,大致來說可分為家庭因素、經濟因<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 素以及個人性格的問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>工作(組織)因素:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 有些工作的本身,就比較危險、複雜而容易產生壓力,如營造工人在重力機械<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 中,爬高爬低又要做重勞力的工作,其工作本身的壓力不容忽視。<span lang="EN-US">Karasek</span>等人<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 以工作的心理負荷與工作的決策控制程度,定出不同的工作壓力,如果工作需<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 要高的心理負荷,但工作者只有低的決策控制,這種工作就是高壓力的工作;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 工作者長時擔任這類工作,就會有較高的罹病風險。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>降低壓力負面結果的方法:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>個人導向:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>增強能力:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 在日常生活與工作中,隨時會出現問題,如果能力強,問題就可迎刃而解,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 不會造成長期的壓力或負擔,而且可提供成功的經驗,培養自信心。多學、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 多記、多思考,以增強個人的問題解決能力,養成活到老,學到老的終身學<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 習態度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>行為自我控制:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 行為自我控制是:「刻意地調整控制刺激及刺激反應間的歷程,以及反應後<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 果,以達自己認定的行為目標。」在積極的行為自我控制下,一個人可妥善<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 管理行為的先導事件與行為後果。例如一個經理常因電話或臨時訪客干擾而<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 無法集中心力,造成決策延遲或偏差、形成壓力,他可以請秘書先過濾電話<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 及授權部屬去處理臨時訪客,必要時才自己出面,如此就可從容專心地做好<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 該做的事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>認知調整:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 也就是要培養並保持積極的思考模式,以就事論事的心態,去除自責、自眨<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 的心理,以減輕壓力的負荷。例如:一件事沒做好,自貶式的人會一味地認<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 為自己能力差而承受壓力,理性積極的人則會客觀評估狀況或尋求上司的指<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 導與協助。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(4)</span>運動:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 我們常說:「有強健的身體才有美滿的家庭,輝煌的事業。」強健的身體,需<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 靠經常而適度的運動維持,運動的好處很多,降低壓力就是其中之一。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(5)</span>社會支持網路:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 所謂「有福同享,有難同當」,朋友、家人、同事間的交談,就能把壓力減低,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 除了能讓一個人把問題講出來,更能以旁觀者清的觀點提供客觀的建議,解<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 決問題、消除壓力源。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(6)</span>放鬆技術:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 一個人若能放鬆身心,則緊張與壓力的衝擊就會減小或消失。一般較常用的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 放鬆技術包括:調息、生物回饋、靜坐瞑想、肌肉鬆弛法等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(7)</span>改善生活型態:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 包括妥善的時間管理與均衡的營養攝取。時間對人是公平的,每個人一天都<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 有二十四小時,可是在單位時間內,有的人完成的事多,有的人完成的事少,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 其基本的差異在於是否能妥善管理時間。一個有條理有組織的人,往往比雜<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 亂無章的人更有效率,做起事來得心應手,當然就比較不會累積工作壓力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(8)</span>保持心理健康:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 心理健康的人能適應各種壓力狀況,根據美國心理健康協會對心理健康之定<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 義,心理健康的人有三類特徵:自感舒適,接納自己;肯定他人,接納他人;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 能完成生命的挑戰。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>組織導向:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>釐清組織角色:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 角色衝突與模糊是重大的壓力源,管理階層有責任釐清組織角色,減少角色<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 衝突,讓壓力減少或消除。若組織沒進行工作分析,則管理者有責任把工作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 說明清楚,員工若有疑義,也要隨時提出,共同討論協商,消除籠統或混淆。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>實施參與管理:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 在目標設定,變革歷程,或其他行政管理措施制定的過程中,若能讓員工參<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 與,不但能集思廣益,還可增加員工的承諾,既可使計畫推行順利,更可賦<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 予員工對工作的控制感,相對減輕其壓力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>合理的組織政策:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 政策是一個組織的最高指導原則,有合理的政策才會有合理的行政措施,才<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 能使成員免於承受不合理的對待,而生壓力。例如公司重視人力資源,有以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 人為本的政策,透過系統化的人力資源管理措施,使人盡其才,才盡其用,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 樂在工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(4)</span>安全舒適的工作條件:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 不安全的工作條件是主要的工作壓力源。安全的工作條件包括空間條件與時<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 間條件,在空間上,除盡量安排寬敞乾淨的工作場所外,還要有合適的照明、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 溫度、通風等;在時間上,輪班的安排、工作量的決定,要注意職員體力與<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 注意力的特性與限制。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(5)</span>良好的溝通:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 良好的溝通有情緒的、動機的、資訊的,以及控制的功能。壓力與不滿、緊<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 張、模糊一樣,都是一種感受,有效的溝通可以瞭解這些感受是否合理,另<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 一方面,可以讓當事人透過溝通表達情緒。溝通的資訊性功能,可以提供充<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 足資訊,減輕角色模糊與角色衝突,釐清責任與權威歸屬,都有助於壓力的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 舒解。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(6)</span>工作再設計:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 透過工作的設計或再設計,讓工作者能負更多的責任,做更有意義的工作,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 更有控制感,而且能即時得到工作結果的回饋。工作再設計能加強工作動機,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 增進工作品質,減輕壓力,降低離職率。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(7)</span>慎選並善用人力:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 在遴選人員時,選用有成功經驗或內控的人擔任較有壓力的工作,較容易適<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 應壓力,表現也會比較好。另外,也要依個人能力與專長安排工作,否則把<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 一個人安排在超出其能力的工作上,可以預期壓力一定是無法避免的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(8)</span>員工健康計畫:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 其基本精神在鼓勵員工對自己身心健康的重視,公司並提供維持並促進健康<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 的設施與計畫。例如健身房,提供運動器材與時間,更積極的,安排健康講<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 座或討論會,協助員工戒菸、戒酒、戒毒、控制體重,或養成營養均衡的飲<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 29.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.3; text-indent: -29.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 13.0pt;"> 食習慣。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-77258397353265764552016-09-26T05:45:00.002-07:002016-09-26T06:11:33.846-07:00智慧財產權法(二)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:智慧財產權法(第二次作業)</b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">一、智慧財產權的個人保障與社會發展衝突時,您個人意見為<span lang="EN-US">?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">著作權制度乃是以透過保障創作者對其作品之專屬權利,以提供其經濟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">上利益,最終達到促進社會文化整體發展之目標,然而保障創作者之專</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">屬權利會阻礙其他人使用該作品之機會,反而對文化的流通與再生造成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">困難。因此著作權法之主要宗旨就在於界定哪些作品可以獲得著作權保</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">護,以及所謂著作權保護之實際權利範圍有多大,該作品中有哪些部分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">是可以自由使用的,哪些部分是必須獲得著作權人同意才能使用的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">
(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">就如教科書第二章開頭所引之案例,其法律分析上應注意者包含兩點,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一是歷史著作之作者可以主張,其著作權在創作完成後就受到國際性的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">保護,並不以在哪些國家出版發行為前提才受到該國之保護;其次是暢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">銷小說援用其歷史理論作為創作基本元素,究竟是使用到歷史著作之表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">達形式,或者僅是借用其觀念。該案例的法院判決是認為,小說和學術</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">著作在表達形式上有很大的差別,小說作者不會是直接抄襲歷史學者的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 表達形式,而僅是借用其觀念,而著作權並不保障作品中的觀念,因此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">歷史學者敗訴。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">同樣的事情,寫成小說可以因為劇情鋪陳的張力而成為暢銷書,若變成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">學術理論則枯燥乏味之至。歷史學者寫了枯燥乏味的作品,就不應去主</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">張精彩小說所賺到的錢,對於這點,法院的判決是很有道理的。所以,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">當智慧財產權的個人保障與社會發展發生衝突時,應該去界定哪些作品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">可以獲得著作權的保護,以及所謂著作權保護之實際權利範圍有多大,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 該作品中有哪些部分是可以被自由使用的,哪些部分是必須獲得著作權</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 人的同意才能使用的。惟有在這樣的調和之下,才能同時保障著作權人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的利益並兼顧整體社會發展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">二、民事賠償以彌補損害為原則。然,專利期間內,對於專利案件的求償權,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 您認為賠償計算標準應為<span lang="EN-US">?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">專利侵權訴訟是維護專利權所不得不然之手段,且經常成為商業競爭之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">工具,亦即藉由訴訟阻礙對手進入特定市場之時機。專利侵權訴訟之審</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">理涉及非常複雜之技術比對,因此法院高度需要專家之協助,此在國內</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">外專利實務均是如此,只是引入專業意見之機制有所不同。我國成立智</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">慧財產法院後,透過法院配置之技術審查官某程度可協助法院判斷技術</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">專業問題,但同時應注意維護當事人之程序保障權。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">
(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">專利侵權所產生之損害賠償責任,基本上與民法一般侵權行為之原理並</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">無不同,只是專利涉及抽象技術,且該技術之市場價值甚難認定,因此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">專利法特別規定有計算方式以供專利權人主張。我國司法實務過去經常</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">以民事訴訟法之權限酌定損害賠償金額,然其酌定之計算依據卻未必明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">確或合理,當事人應注意蒐集所有對本身有利之產品、技術相關市場資</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">訊,以利在訴訟上主張增加或減少賠償金額。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">專利權受侵害確定後,專利權人得請求賠償之計算方式,依據專利法第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">97</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條之規定,內容如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依前條請求損害賠償時,得就下列各款擇一計算其損害:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一、依民法第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">216</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條之規定。但不能提供證據方法以證明其損害時,發</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">明專利權人得就其實施專利權通常所可獲得之利益,減除受害後實</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">施同一專利權所得之利益,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14pt;">以質對差額為所受損害。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二、依侵害人因侵害行為所得之利益。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三、以相當於授權實施該發明專利所得收取之權利金數額為所受損害。</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-76059045013814782532016-09-26T05:41:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:11:54.261-07:00智慧財產權法(一)<span style="font-size: large;">科目:智慧財產權法(第一次作業)</span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一、試請說明:</span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">何謂國際智慧財產組織?</span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依據該組織提出的定義,智慧財</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 產權的內容與範圍包括那些?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">國際智慧財產組織:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 在</span><span lang="EN-US">1967</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,聯合國的會員國經由世界智慧財產權組織公約的簽訂,成立</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 世界智慧財產權組織,作為負責協調會員國彼此合作的常設機構,以統一</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 國際間智慧財產權法規標準,進一步完善跨國保護機制。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">智慧財產權的內容:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 依據世界智慧財產組織的簡明定義,智慧財產是指人類精神智慧的創作,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 而且在廣義上,是指人類在工業、科學、文學與藝術等方面的知識活動而</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 取得的法律上權利。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">智慧財產權的範圍:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 如果以適用的領域與保護的客體作為分類的標準,智慧財產基本上可以分</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 為二大類:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">工業財產:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 工業財產的保護,對於工商產品的生產、製造與商品交易、銷售的流程,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 有直接與密切的關聯與影響。保護創造及發明的專利權、表彰特定商品</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 或交易對象身分的商標權、工業設計及產地地理標示等,都是屬於保護</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 工業財產的智慧財產權,又簡稱工業財產權。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">著作權及相關權益:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 相對於工業財產權,著作權所保護的對象,則是文學或藝術的創作表達,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 譬如:書籍、影片、音樂、建築或藝術作品等。隨著時代進步,藝術創</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 作與表達的方式更為多樣化,著作權的保護標的,也從平面的著作延伸</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 到各種不同的層面。例如音樂家、舞蹈家以及其他表演藝術者的現場演</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 出、唱片或光碟演出者及製作人對於音樂演奏錄製的成果等,在許多國</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 家也被承認,應受到著作權或類似權益的保障。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">二、一般而言,智慧財產權具有那些特性?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 如果加以進一步歸納與分析智慧財產權的內容,並與民法上其他的財產權相比</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 較,智慧財產權基本上具有以下四大特性:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">創新性:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">智慧財產權所以受到法律保障,主要是著眼於其創新性:由創作者表達、</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 呈現及散布的智慧創新具體成果,有助於人類生活、文化、經濟或科技文</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 明的進步與發展。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">創新基本上是要求與舊有的不同,新舊二者能夠明顯的區分與辨別。所以,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 依照商標法申請註冊的商標,一定需具有識別性,不能近似或與已註冊而</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 且使用於同一或類似商品或服務的商標相同。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在著作權方面,著作權保障的是文學與藝術等創作表達,因此,受著作權</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 保障的著作,無論其呈現或表達是採取何種方式,必須沒有抄襲,與他人</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 已發表的作品不同或沒有近似雷同。為了避免過度擴大著作權的保護,反</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 而對於人們創意活動造成限制或扼制,如果僅是抽象的思維觀念,尚未以</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 特定具體的文字或其他方式加以表達體現,尚不足以受到著作權的保護。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 因此,著作權法也特別明文規定,著作權的保護,應僅及於該著作之表達,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 並不及於其所表達的思想、程序、製程、系統、操作方法、概念、原理及</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 發現。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">專屬支配性(排他性):</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">權利人對於創造(作)發明的成果,依相關法律取得智慧財產權後,即享</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 有以各種方式實施、支配、利用、使用、處分等各項權能,不容侵犯。任</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 何人如未取得權利人的同意而擅行使用或藉此獲取商業或經濟上的利益,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 將負權利侵害的法律責任。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">為了遏阻與懲治侵害智慧財產權的不法行為,專利法、營業秘密法等法令,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 對於故意或惡意侵權者,甚至有加重課以三倍損害賠償的懲罰性規定。此</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 外,依照著作權法與商標法,對於不法侵害著作權或商標權的行為人,並</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 可課以刑事責任。不過,法律上承認與保護智慧財產權的主要目的,是在</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 鼓勵創新與發明,使創作人與發明人在法律賦與獨占與排他的權利保護下</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> ,有更多新的創作與研發成果問世。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">如果智慧財產權的權利人一旦試圖憑藉自身在技術或市場上的優勢,以及</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 法律授予智慧財產權利人的專屬權利,以不公平的方式排除其他企業或個</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 人的競爭,或藉此達成壟斷或操控市場的目的,反而與提倡保護智慧財產</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 權的基本理念不符。因此,雖然智慧財產權在性質上是具有專屬性的支配</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 權利,在法律上可以排除他人而獨享經濟上的利益,但與所有權及物權等</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 其他財產權一樣,智慧財產權的享有與行使,仍受到「公平合理」與「禁</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 止權利濫用」等基本原則的限制。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">公示性:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">由於智慧財產權具有高度的經濟價值,一方面,為使創作發明人有充分的</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 資訊,可以查詢與了解現有相關智慧財產的發展現況與權利佈局,建立完</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 整與透明的資訊,確有其必要。另一方面,由國家設置專責機關,負責建</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 立與管理智慧財產權利相關的資料,使其具有公示性與公信力,對於從事</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 智慧財產權買賣或授權等交易的企業或個人而言,能夠在交易前經由相關</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 資料對於相關權利的範圍與內容進行仔細的查詢與確認,也可以增加對於</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 交易安全的保障。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">因此,基於資訊公開與公示的雙重要求,各國在智慧財產權的保障方面,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 除對商標與專利的取得,採取一定的審查與登記程序外,對於相關權利的</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 讓與、變更或設定或擔保,也都要求履行法定登記程序,作為取得法律有</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 效保護的條件。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">至於公示性的例外,主要是在著作權方面。民國74年之前,著作權的取</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 得,必須經過政府核准註冊的特許程序,並由主管機關發給著作權登記註</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 冊證書。但民國</span><st1:chsdate day="10" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="7" w:st="on" year="1974"><span lang="EN-US">74</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">著作權法修訂後,著作權的取得已改採取</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 「創作保護主義」,即著作人在著作完成時,就享有著作權。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">地域性:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">由於智慧財產權的公示性,智慧財產權的取得與行使,必須依照國家的法</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 令規定,辦理與完成相關的登記程序後,方能取得國內法律的有效保護。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">但從國際法的角度而言,每個國家彼此互為主權獨立與平等的統治領域。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 一個國家的國內行政申請、審查與登記程序所產生的法律效果,是一個國</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 家主權行為的表現,並非當然在該國領域以外發生效力。因此,智慧財產</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 權基本上具有高度的「屬地主義」性。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">基於智慧財產權法的地域性,國際間彼此的協調與合作,對於智慧財產權</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 的提倡與保障,格外重要。為了克服傳統屬地主義對於智慧財產權保護所</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 造成的困擾,各國間經由多項國際公約的締結,並於</span><span lang="EN-US">1967</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年建立世界智</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 慧財產組織,提供各會員國一個常設的諮商與溝通平臺。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">三、試說明著作的基本類型與特殊類型有那些?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">著作的基本類型:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">語文著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所謂語文著作,其意義包含語言著作及文字著作兩類,係屬一般觀念</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 上最典型之著作物。尤其文字著作是以感官所能直接讀取之創作,只要</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 符合著作權保護要件,亦即具有原創性,則應受保護。但有些文字著作</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 並無法達到此要求,例如電信公司的電話簿,僅係單純資訊之紀錄,除</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 非有超越一般通常編輯方式之特殊創意存在,否則並無原創性。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">由於我國著作權法並未如美國法強調『固著性』之必要,亦即在我國,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 創作之成果並不需要被固定不變地附著於特定物品上才能獲得保護,因</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 此語言著作之作者在我國仍可獲得著作權保護。易言之,若對於他人之</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 演講、授課等欲加以紀錄或錄音,就涉及著作物之重製,應得到創作人</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 的授權或同意。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">音樂著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">著作權法上之音樂著作,係指樂曲、樂譜、歌詞這三類著作。通常創</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 作音樂者會將其創作寫成樂譜,以利其內容之固定及流傳,而樂譜之主</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 要功能就是用以指示演奏者演奏出特定樂曲,因此樂譜應歸類為音樂著</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 作而非語文著作。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">歌詞若單獨加以理解則應屬於語文著作,但由於大多數歌詞都是為了</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 配合特定樂曲所作,因此其創作之精神在於其音韻性以及與特定樂曲結</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 合之效果,因此通常情形之界定其為音樂著作,但仍不排除其可被分離</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 使用而成為語文著作。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">戲劇、舞蹈著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">戲劇及舞蹈皆是創作者用以表達思想之形式,其具體表現為各種演出</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 及其劇本、舞譜。實際之演出中多半配合有音樂著作,但兩者實際上是</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 可以分離使用的,即此部分並非在戲劇、舞蹈著作之範圍,而是戲劇、</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 舞蹈著作與音樂著作結合之結合著作。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">美術著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">美術著作係指以描繪、著色、書寫、雕刻等平面或立體之美術技巧表</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 達線條、色彩、明暗或形狀等,以美感為特徵而表現思想或感情之創作。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 然而所謂「美感」乃是一種主觀的感受,很難客觀區分哪些著作才有美</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 感,所以著作權法上對於美術著作之界定,並不是從該著作物「是否有</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 美感」的角度來判斷,而是從該著作之創作性質與目的為準。如果創作</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 之目的在於表現美感,則應屬於美術著作。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">然而現實中容易產生爭議之情形為,美術表現並不僅純粹以藝術為目</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 的,有可能具有商業目的,例如將商業產品裝飾上繪畫或雕刻,客觀上</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 此類商業產品亦甚具有美感,故會產生其是否亦屬於著作權法上之美術</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 著作之問題。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(3)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依據我國司法實務見解,可將美術相關產物區分為三大類,分別是純</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 粹美術作品、美術工藝品以及工業產品。其中美術工藝品與工業產品之</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 主要區別就是多量生產與否,若是多量生產者就不屬於著作權法保護之</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 範圍,此類物品之設計或裝飾應以新式樣專利制度加以保護。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">5.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">攝影著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一般用語上所稱之攝影,多半意義涵蓋動態影片之拍攝,但在著作權</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 法上所稱之攝影著作則僅限於固定靜態之影像,且亦不像動態影片可涵</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 蓋聲音效果,後者應歸類為視聽著作,此點在陳述上應精確區分。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">攝影作品是否成為攝影著作,實務上較常引起爭議之處在於認定攝影</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 者是否有創作性。攝影者在主觀上是否投入個人之創意表現,抑或者為</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 單純偶然意外或隨手拍攝,此點往往很難以事後就作品之內容加以判斷</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> ,因此對攝影著作之創作性要求應如何界定,就成為難題,我國實務見</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 解亦未對此做出明確之界定標準。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">6.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">圖形著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所謂圖形著作,係指地圖、圖表、工程設計圖等,固然多為平面表現</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 之圖形,但實際上亦有立體呈現之可能性,例如地圖為一種圖形著作,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 則地球儀亦屬之,此外特定地點之地形圖亦可能以立體方式表現,此皆</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 為本條所稱之圖形著作。而所謂工程設計圖,亦不限於土木施工之工程</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> ,即使電子產品之電路圖亦屬之。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">由前述定義可知,本條所保護之圖形著作大多具有實用性,例如地圖</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 用以認識環境,圖表作為工作上使用,設計圖用於施工或製造。著作之</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 實用性並不影響其作為著作權保護客體之資格。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">7.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">視聽著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">視聽著作係指影像具有連續性,且多半同時附隨聲音表現之著作。然</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 在此一定義中連續性之影像才是關鍵,即使該影像沒有聲音(例如默</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 片),則仍被歸類為視聽著作。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">由此可知,視聽著作與攝影著作主要之差別就在於該影像是動態或靜</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 態。具體而言,電影、電視節目、音樂錄影帶、教學錄影帶、家庭錄影</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 帶等皆是典型之視聽著作。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">8.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">錄音著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">錄音著作之意義,為以任何方法將聲音錄製在有體物上使其得以再現,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 由於錄音之過程亦涉及錄製者之個人創意,同樣的聲音由不同人錄製將</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 會得出不同效果,因此應受著作權法保護。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">較有爭議者為錄製行為未經著作權人同意之情形,對此,我國司法實</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 務見解向來認為「未經原著作權人同意之改作,係侵害原著作權人之改</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 作權,其因侵害他人權利所產生之著作,應不受著作權法之保護」。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">9.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">建築著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所謂建築著作之意義,係指為建築之目的所從事之創作,並且包括施</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 工完成之建築物本身。換言之,建築著作之意義不限於平面的建築設計</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 圖,亦涵蓋立體的建築物或建築模型,此乃建築著作與其他類型著作最</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 大之不同。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">為確立此種著作物類型應有之權利保護範圍,我國著作權法第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條在</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 名詞定義方面,特別將重製之定義包括了「依建築設計圖或建築模型建</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 造之建築物者」。至於按照他人已經完成之建築物之外觀而建造同樣之</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 建築物者,雖然前述條文未為規定,但既然建築物本身亦為建築著作之</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 著作物,則此種行為解釋上亦構成重製無疑。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">10.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">電腦程式著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">電腦程式著作顧名思義就是一種必須透過電腦或其他機器加以判讀而</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 產生意義之著作類型,無論以何種程式語言撰寫皆屬之。應注意者為,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 電腦程式著作在各種著作物類型中,最特殊之處在於,該項創作之性質</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 同時包含著作權與專利權保護之價值。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">因為當代之電腦程式著作多具有產業上之用途,例如用於自動化生產,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 用於恆溫空調等等,此種具有產業利用性之電腦程式著作,在大多數國</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 家皆承認可以申請專利權。因此,電腦程式著作有可能同時獲得著作權</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 與專利權之保護。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">著作權之特殊類型:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">衍生著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所謂衍生著作,又稱為「第二次著作」,是指改作他人之原著作另行衍</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 生而成之創作,在界定衍生著作之前,必須先界定何種行為稱為「改</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 作」。依據著作權法第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">項第</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">款之規定,改作係指以翻譯、編</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 曲、改寫、拍攝影片或其他方法就原著作另為創作。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">舉例而言,暢銷小說之作者除了因為其書籍銷售而獲得經濟利益外,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 若電影公司想要將其作品拍攝成電影,則屬於改作行為,必須經過小說</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 家同意,小說家可以索取報酬,甚至可以用契約約定將來電影票房收入</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 之固定比例作為報酬。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">編輯著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">編輯著作也是一種利用他人著作進行加工之行為,但其與衍生著作不</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 同者在於編輯行為之創作性主要表現在選取資料、素材並加以編排。著</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 作權法第</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">項規定:「就資料之選擇及編排具有創作性者為編輯</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 著作,以獨立之著作保護之。」</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">舉例而言,某出版社欲出版《九○年代散文選》,則需選取數篇散文加</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 以收錄,但因各篇散文之作者皆對其作品有著作權,因此出版社將該散</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 文收錄皆須獲得各篇作者之授權,否則無法將散文集出版。一旦散文選</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 集編輯完成後即獲得編輯著作之著作權保護,其他出版社即使後來又獲</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 得同樣這些作者之授權,但若選取完全相同之散文,編排方式又大同小</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 異,則會構成侵害前一出版社之編輯著作權。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">共同著作與結合著作:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">共同著作與結合著作不同,共同著作是指一項著作有數人合力創作完</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 成,且其成果無法分離利用,此數人為共同著作人,應共有其著作權。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 但結合著作則是數人為共同利用之目的,將其著作互相結合,但結合後</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 之複數著作間仍可分離而個別利用,因此並無共有著作權之問題存在。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 易言之,共同著作物中僅有一個著作物,一個著作權;而結合著作中則</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 有多數著作物,多數著作權存在。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">最典型之結合著作,就是一首歌曲之作詞與作曲者不同人之情形,通</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 常而言作詞與作曲之目的皆在於完成一首完整的歌曲,因此是基於共同</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 利用之目的所為創作,但詞與曲雖可結合使用,亦可分離利用,因此並</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 非共同著作之情形,詞與曲之創作者各自擁有其創作部分之著作權。</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-73700917691075180292016-09-26T05:38:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:12:13.559-07:00社會生活與民法(二)<span style="font-size: large;">科目:社會生活與民法(第二次作業)</span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
(一)、何謂法定財產制之婚前財產及婚後財產?剩餘財產分配請求權為何?<br />
1.法定財產制之婚前財產及婚後財產:<br />
民法第1017條先將夫妻財產區分為「婚前財產」與「婚後財產」二類:「夫或妻之<br />
財產分為婚前財產與婚後財產,由夫妻各自所有。不能證明為婚前或婚後財產者,<br />
推定為婚後財產;不能證明為夫或妻所有之財產,推定為夫妻共有。夫或妻婚前財<br />
產,於婚姻關係存續中所生之孳息,視為婚後財產。夫妻以契約訂立夫妻財產制後,<br />
於婚姻關係存續中改用法定財產制者,其改用前之財產視為婚前財產。」<br />
2.剩餘財產分配請求權:<br />
依民法民法第1030-1條之規定,所謂剩餘財產分配請求權,是指法定財產制關係消<br />
滅時,夫或妻現存之婚後財產,扣除婚姻關係存續中所負債務後,如有剩餘,其雙<br />
方剩餘財產之差額,應平均分配,但因繼承或其他無償取得之財產、慰撫金等,不<br />
能列入計算。法定財產制關係會因為夫妻離婚,一方死亡或改用其他財產制而消滅<br />
,故剩餘財產分配請求權簡單來說就是婚姻關係消滅時,夫或妻計算剩餘財產後,<br />
就其剩餘財產的差額,剩餘較少的一方可以向剩餘較多的他方,請求平均分配,即<br />
請求給付該差額的二分之一。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(二)、何謂保證責任之從屬性?何謂先訴抗辯權?<br />
1.保證責任之從屬性:<br />
(1)最高法院22年上字第495號判例:「保證債務之存在以主債務之存在為前提,主<br />
債務人所負債務縱有一部未經清償,而該部分已由債權人免除,因而主債務全部<br />
消滅者,保證債務當然隨之消滅。」此即所謂「保證責任之從屬性」。<br />
(2)惟民法第743條規定:「保證人對於因行為能力之欠缺而無效之債務,如知其情<br />
事而為保證者,其保證仍為有效。」則為從屬性之例外。<br />
2.先訴抗辯權:<br />
(1)依民法第745條之規定:「保證人於債權人未就主債務人之財產強制執行而無效<br />
果前,對於債權人得拒絕清償。」這就是保證人的先訴抗辯權。所謂「先訴」,<br />
即是先向債務人起訴並強制執行,如果保證人拋棄這項權利,待債務人不履行時<br />
,債權人即可請求保證人清償,保證人不得再行主張先訴抗辯權。<br />
(2)保證人有關先訴抗辯權之行使,得於訴訟上或訴訟外行使,惟僅得據此暫時拒絕<br />
清償,無法否認債權人之權利;只要債權人就主債務人之財產強制執行而無效果<br />
之後,保證人即無法再主張先訴抗辯權。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(三)、何謂繼承權之當然喪失與表示喪失?有無救濟之機會?<br />
1.繼承權之當然喪失:<br />
繼承權之當然喪失,係指民法第1145條第1項第1款至第4款所規定之情形:<br />
(1)故意致被繼承人或應繼承人於死或雖未致死因而受刑之宣告者。<br />
(2)以詐欺或脅迫使被繼承人為關於繼承之遺囑,或使其撤回或變更之者。<br />
(3)以詐欺或脅迫妨害被繼承人為關於繼承之遺囑,或妨害其撤回或變更之者。<br />
(4)偽造、變造、隱匿或湮滅被繼承人關於繼承之遺囑者。<br />
2.繼承權之表示喪失:<br />
繼承權之表示喪失,係指民法第1145條第1項第5款所規定之情形:「對於被繼承<br />
人有重大之虐待或侮辱情事,經被繼承人表示其不得繼承者。<br />
3.救濟之機會:<br />
(1)依民法第1145條第2項之規定:「前項第2款至第4款之規定,如經被繼承人宥<br />
恕者,其繼承權不喪失。」;亦即,繼承人雖然在現實中有民法第1145條第1項<br />
第1款至第4款所規定之情形發生,但若是已得到被繼承人的宥恕,則能免除其<br />
繼承權之喪失。<br />
(2)不過,繼承人若是違反民法第1145條第1項第5款所規定之情形,在法律上就<br />
沒有救濟之途徑。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
二、解釋名詞:共4題,每題10分<br />
(一)贍養費:<br />
1.依民法第1057條之規定:「夫妻無過失之一方,因判決離婚而陷於生活困難者,他方<br />
縱無過失,亦應給與相當之贍養費。」<br />
2.亦即需符合下列條件者始可請求贍養費:<br />
(1)必須是裁判離婚,兩願離婚不適用。<br />
(2)必須請求者本身無過失,他方是否有過失在所不問。<br />
(3)必須請求者本身因離婚而陷於生活困難,如有工作能力或有相當財力者,亦不能<br />
請求。<br />
<br />
(二)規約:<br />
規約是「公寓大廈管理條例」各區分所有權人的憲法,除了法律另有規定之外,在公<br />
寓大廈及社區之內,即成為各個住戶之間共同應遵守的憲法,住戶不得違背,而且規<br />
約一旦通過,不只原來通過規約的區分所有權人受其拘束,區分所有權之繼受人亦得<br />
遵守。住戶如違反規約情形嚴重者,管理委員會得訴請法院強制該區分所有權人遷離。<br />
<br />
(三)禁止背書轉讓:<br />
1.票據法第30條第2、3項規定:「記名匯票發票人有禁止轉讓之記載者,不得轉讓。<br />
背書人於票上記載禁止轉讓者,仍得依背書而轉讓之。但禁止轉讓者,對於禁止後<br />
再由背書取得匯票之人,不負責任。」<br />
2.依上述之規定,發票人及背書人均有權於票據上為「禁止背書轉讓」之記載,發票人<br />
禁止背書轉讓時,此票據即不能再轉讓予任何人,發票人、付款人或擔當付款人只<br />
對票載受款人支付票款,至於發票人未禁止背書轉讓,而係由背書人禁止背書轉讓,<br />
此票據仍可轉讓,該背書人僅對其被背書人一人負責,於是所有票據權利人均可向<br />
發票人追索,惟獨不得向該背書人追索。<br />
3.由此可知,禁止背書轉讓具有保留原因法律關係所生之抗辯權,以及避免票據法律關<br />
係複雜化之功能,因而在商業實務上經常被採用。<br />
<br />
(四)股份:<br />
1.依據公司法第156條前2項規定:「股份有限公司之資本,應分為股份,每股金額應<br />
歸一律,一部分得為特別股;其種類,由章程定之。前項股份總數,得分次發行。」<br />
2.其次,股份依表彰股東權之種類,可分為普通股和特別股。普通股係指一般具有表決<br />
權、股利分配權及剩餘財產分配權之股份,而特別股,依同法第157條規定,包括:<br />
(1)分派股息及紅利特別股(優先或劣後)。<br />
(2)分派公司賸餘財產特別股(優先或劣後)。<br />
(3)行使表決權、否認權或無表決權特別股。<br />
(4)以上三種結合之特別股(優先或劣後)。Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-5495613624812915662016-09-26T05:35:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:12:36.589-07:00社會生活與民法(一)<b><span style="font-size: large;">科目:社會生活與民法(第一次作業)</span></b><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一、試說明</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依照我國民法的規定</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">契約成立的方式有那些?請分別各舉一個生活</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 中的例子說明。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">依雙方當事人要約與承諾成立:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">153</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條規定:「當事人互相表示意思一致者,無論其為明示或默示,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">契約即為成立。當事人對於必要之點,意思一致,而對於非必要之點,未</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">經表示意思者,推定其契約為成立,關於該非必要之點,當事人意思不一</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">致時,法院應依其事件之性質定之。」</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> EX</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">當事人互相表示意思一致者:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">甲向銷售員表示:「我出四萬元買這台筆記型電腦。」銷售員</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">表示:「這</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">台筆記型電腦嗎?好,四萬元成交!」</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">經明示而契約成立:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">凡是直接表示意思者,都是明示的意思表示,如上例即是。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">經默示而契約成立:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在麵店自取小菜食用,就是購買小菜的默示意思表示,同樣可以藉由</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「默</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">示」的互相意思表示一致而成立買賣契約。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依一方要約與他方意思實現而成立:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">161</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條規定:「依習慣或依其事件之性質,承諾無須通知者,在相當</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">時期內,有可認為承諾之事實時,其契約為成立。前項規定,於要約人要</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">約當時預先聲明承諾無須通知者,準用之。」</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> EX</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依教科書第二章案例十一所載,王大華在<st1:personname productid="向趙" w:st="on">向趙</st1:personname>小姐表示,汽車可算她九十</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬元,此行為可視為一個新的要約,<st1:personname productid="趙" w:st="on">趙</st1:personname>小姐以電話答錄機留言的方式表示</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">願意以九十萬元買下汽車,並簽發支票寄給王大華,前者以電話答錄機留</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">言之行為即為承諾,後者簽發支票寄給王大華之行為,可單獨成立意思實</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">現。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依雙方交錯要約而成立,即當事人恰巧同時為同一內容之要約,民法中沒</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">有明文規定,但學說均肯定之。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> EX</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">交錯要約又稱要約的吻合,係指當事人一方向相對人為要約,適值相對人</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">亦以相同內容向當直人要約,且雙方當事人彼此均不知有要約的現象。例</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">如甲向乙發出了願以</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬元的價款將其二手車出賣給乙的要約,而乙恰巧</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">同時向甲發出了擬以</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬元的價款購買其二手車的函件。此時,乙的函件</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所表示的意思不得叫作承諾,因為承諾是對要約而作出的,此為交錯要約。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">二、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">請說明,法律行為的代理,要具備那些要件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">?</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">什麼是「無權代理」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">?</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">什麼是「表見代理」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">?</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並試舉生活中的例子說明。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">103</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">條規定:「代理人於代理權限內,以本人名義所為之意思表示,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">直接對本人發生效力。前項規定,於應向本人為意思表示,而向其代理人</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">為之者,準用之。」以下說明代理的要件:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">法律行為(包括準法律行為)方可代理:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 也就是說物之占有、宥恕等事實行為、殺人放火等侵權行為、以及涉及夫</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 妻、父母、子女等身分行為如結婚、離婚、收養、認領、懲戒等均不得代</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 理。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">須有代理權限:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 代理人之意思表示之所以直接對本人生效,在於其有代理權,代理資格之</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 取得須以法律規定或代理權授與之意思表示為依據,前者如對未成年人之</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 法定代理,後者普通之意定代理。至於代理之範圍,在法定代理是以法律</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 規定定之,在意定代理是以本人之授權行為定之。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">代理行為須以本人名義為之(顯名主義):</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 即代理人必須向相對人表明本人身分及自己代理人之身分,以使對方能知</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 悉其究竟與何人為法律行為,俾保障其利益。如以代理人自己的名義所為,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 即可能成為間接代理或民法債編所稱的行紀,其法律效果不及於本人,而</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 只對代理人發生。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">須代為意思表示或代受意思表示:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 此為代理之目的所在,所謂代受意思表示,就是在應向本人為意思表示,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 而向其代理人為之時,直接對本人發生效力。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 5.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">代理權之授與:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 係民法債之發生原因之一,在債編通則中與契約分立,且其方式,依民法</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 第</span><span lang="EN-US">167</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條規定:「代理權係以法律行為授與者,其授與應向代理人或向代</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 理人對之為代理行為之第三人,以意思表示為之。」故學者通說認為代理</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 權之授與並非契約,而係一種單獨行為,正由於此一行為僅是賦予代理人</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 一種法律上資格,並不使代理人負有任何義務,自無取得其承諾之必要,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 故即使是限制行為能力人,亦得擔任代理人,故民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">104</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條規定:「代</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 理人所為或所受意思表示之效力,不因其為限制行為能力人而受影響。」</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無權代理:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">係指民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">170</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">項規定:「無代理權人以代理人之名義所為之法</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 律行為,非經本人承認,對於本人,不發生效力。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例如甲為電腦的所有人,乙擅自與丙約定要將甲的電腦賣予丙,甲若於</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 知悉後拒絕承認,則買賣行為不生效力。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">表見代理:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">係指民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">169</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條之規定:「由自己之行為表示以代理權授與他人,或</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 知他人表示為其代理人而不為反對之表示者,對於第三人應負授權人之責</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 任。但第三人明知其無代理權或可得而知者,不在此限。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">依教科書第二章案例十五所載,王大華將蓋有本人私章及裝潢公司公司</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 章之空白合約與收據,交由小徐持向相對人連鎖餐廳簽訂契約及收取定金</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 之行為,即屬表見代理者是,王大華自應負授權人之責任。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">三、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">試舉生活中的實例並說明,僱傭與承攬的法律關係,有那些特色與不同</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">僱傭契約之特色與法律關係:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依照民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">482</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條之規定:「稱僱傭者,謂當事人約定,一方於一定或不</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 定之期限內為他方服勞務,他方給付報酬之契約。」</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">僱傭是一種雙務契約,當事人有兩方面,一方面是僱用人,就是付報償</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 的人,也就是我們一般所稱的雇主;另一方面則是受僱人,也就是提供勞</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 務的人。雇主不以自然人為限,法人可以為雇主,但受僱人都以自然人為</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 限,法人不能夠當受僱人。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">承攬契約之特色與法律關係:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依照民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">490</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條之規定:「稱承攬者,謂當事人約定,一方為他方完成</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 一定之工作,他方俟工作完成,給付報酬之契約。」</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">如上所述,通常為他人提供勞務而收取報酬是屬於僱傭關係,但是現在</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 也有很多的工作是屬於承攬關係,因此工作場合中兩種法律關係經常會令</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 人產生混淆。在外表上,承攬也是有一位付錢的人(定作人),也有一位</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 提供服務完成工作並收取報酬的人(承攬人),所以在外觀上,有時候不</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 容易和僱傭關係分別,但因為兩者的法律效果不同,而且可不可以適用勞</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 動基準法也不同,所以要分別清楚。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">承攬和僱傭的不同之處:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">依是否需完成特定工作二者不同:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">承攬關係必須以完成一定的工作做為請求報酬的條件,如果一定的工</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 作沒有完成,就不能請求報酬;而僱傭關係就沒有限制以完成一定的工</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 作做為請求報酬的要件,只要在一定的時間內,為僱用人提供勞務,就</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 可以請求報償。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">例如以修理冷氣而言,如果是因為僱傭關係受僱於冷氣工廠擔任冷氣</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 修護工作,只要有按時上下班並且於上班時間持續的從事冷氣修護工作</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> ,即可得到當天的薪資;但如果是基於承攬關係所做的冷氣修護,例如</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 電器行的修理人員到客戶家中去從事冷氣修護,則該冷氣修理人員一定</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 要將冷氣完全修好才能夠請求修理冷氣的報酬。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">指揮關係與服從性不同:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在承攬關係中,定作人與受僱人間的指揮關係較為抽象,而且約束性</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 相對較為鬆散,因為在承攬關係中,比較注重的是承攬人本身的技能,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 只要所完成的工作能符合定作人的要求與品質,則工作過程中是以何種</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 方式完成,承攬人並不一定要完全依照定作人的指示;但在僱傭關係中</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 就不一樣,僱傭關係的僱用人有高度的指揮權限,而且受僱人需完全的</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 服從。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">例如室內設計師和雇主之間是一種承攬關係,要裝潢的業主當然會對</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 裝潢的內容、品質有所要求,但是如何去完成裝潢的工作,則是由設計</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 師自我衡量;但是如果是受僱於建築師事務所從事規劃設計的人員,就</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 必須完全聽從建築師的指揮,工作過程中的所有動作,也都必須依照僱</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 用人的指示。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">工作時間不同:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">就僱傭關係而言,通常會有所謂的上下班時間,而且只要在上班時間</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 提供一定的勞務,就可以請求工作的報償;但在承攬關係中,承攬人的</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 工作時間就有比較大的彈性和自主性。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">例如室內設計師承攬裝潢的工作,他可以在白天設計,也可以在晚上</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 加班趕工,只要在定作人所指示的時限內完成設計及裝潢工作,他可以</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 選擇自己喜歡的工作時間,不需要像受僱人一樣按時上下班。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">工作場所不同:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在受僱關係中,通常會由僱用人指定固定的工作場所,受僱人也必須</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 在工作時間內到達指定的工作場所並提供勞務;但是在承攬關係中,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 承攬人有較大的自由度選擇工作場所。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">例如設計師可以在其工作室工作,也可以將設計的工作帶回家做,甚</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 至於如果使用電腦繪圖的話,在咖啡館或在任何場所都可以從事他的</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 設計工作,不一定要像受僱人一樣在固定的場所工作。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 5.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">法律效果不同:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">承攬關係和僱傭關係不只在法律的定位及性質不同,在法律適用的結</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 果上也有所不同。最大的差別在於僱傭關係有勞動基準法的適用,僱用</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 人必須提供受僱人勞保、健保,受僱人也受到勞動基準法的保障。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">但如果是承攬關係,承攬人就不能享受勞基法的保障,定作人也不需</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 提供給承攬人勞保及健保。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 6.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">對外的損害賠償關係不同:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">受僱人在上班時間內,因為工作關係對第三人產生侵權行為而必須負</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 損同賠償責任時,依民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">188</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">項前段的規定:「受僱人因執行</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 職務,不法侵害他人之權利者,由僱用人與行為人連帶負損害賠償責任</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 。」所以受僱人對第三人的侵權行為,僱用人必須負連帶賠償責任;但</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 是如果是在承攬關係中,依民法第</span><span lang="EN-US">189</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條前段規定:「承攬人因執行承</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 攬事項,不法侵害他人之權利者,定作人不負損害賠償責任。」承攬人</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 如果因為承攬關係對第三人造成損害,定作人並不需負責。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">例如受公司僱用的司機開車出去送貨,不慎撞傷路人的時候,公司必</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 須以僱用人的身分負連帶損害賠償責任;但是如果公司是叫快遞公司幫</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 公司送貨時,而快遞公司的人員在送貨時不小心撞到路人,則是由快遞</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 公司負責。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 7.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">雇主對勞工的賠償責任不同:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">如果是僱傭關係的話,受僱人在工作時間內於工作場所中所遭受的傷</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 亡,依照勞基法第</span><span lang="EN-US">59</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條前段之規定:「勞工因遭遇職業災害而致死亡、</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 殘廢、傷害或疾病時,雇主應依規定予以補償。」</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">但如果是在承攬關係中,則承攬人在工作時間內所遭受到的傷亡,定</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 作人並不需要對其負任何賠償或補償的責任。</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-20154905530868176622016-01-10T06:39:00.000-08:002016-09-26T06:13:04.608-07:00生死心理學(二)<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:生死心理學<span lang="EN-US">(</span>第二次作業<span lang="EN-US">)</span></b></span></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一、請說明兒童死亡教育的三個法則?(<span lang="EN-US">20%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (一)教育:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 目的是為了幫助兒童提高對生活經驗的自我效能感與熟練感,而首要目標是教育兒童以平<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">常心面對死亡,讓他們了解死亡與失落是生活中正常的一部分。並且務必要坦誠分享並簡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">要說明事實,切忌迴避或模稜兩可的說詞,造成兒童的誤解。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (二)溝通:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 不論何時、何地都保持溝通管道的暢通,不但要傾聽兒童所說的話,也要經由兒童的行為<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 來了解他們沒有說出來的話。學者認為只要兒童相信他們談論死亡、失落與悲傷的感受會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 被接受時,就會直接或藉由遊戲表達。所以成年人切忌因為害怕或抗拒而喋喋不休,以填<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 滿令人不舒服的沉默,或是選擇避而不談,這樣會逼使兒童找尋不可靠的分享對象。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (三)認同:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 認同是承認經驗而不批判的一種行動。兒童經歷所愛的人死亡時的情緒,經常是強烈的憤<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 怒摻雜著許多的悲傷與受創的複雜與混亂的感受。這些真切的感受需要成年人的協助來加<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 以釐清、指認、理解與適當的命名,以使兒童在生命中能夠理解與接受自己的這些負向情<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 感,做為成長的一部分。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二、請簡述罹患致命疾病青少年的困境?(<span lang="EN-US">20%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (一)覺得自己的分量降低:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 青少年罹病之後,身體變虛弱,精力與外表也變差,無法再過自己喜歡的生活方式。所以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 會懷疑別人對待自己的方式與態度之所以不同,是因為自己在世界上的分量降低了,而渴<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 望回到從前。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (二)對外表形象感到羞辱:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 因為治療疾病而引起的副作用或後遺症,例如掉頭髮、肢體的切除、體重的變化等,都會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 讓最注重外表吸引力的青少年感到羞辱與沮喪。很可能因而採取孤立與自我設限的因應方<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (三)喪失自我控制感:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 經常因為罹患重病而無法離開家人,且無法建立渴望的獨立生活方式,而感到沮喪。有些<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 時候,甚至連基本的自我照顧都必須仰賴家人或醫護人員,而感到尷尬。失去這個年齡層<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 最想得到的獨立與自我掌控能力,所引起的挫折與無力感,經常會以憤怒的情緒作為發洩。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (四)遭受同儕排斥:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 有些學校的同學、朋友和他們的父母,會因為害怕受到傳染,而排斥與罹患重症的青少年<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 來往,有時候甚至治療已經結束了,仍是如此。而家中的手足也經常因為害怕罹患同樣的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 疾病,加上父母的注意力全部都放在罹病者身上,讓他們遭受較差的待遇,而對罹患重症<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 的青少年懷有敵意,也會因為這種敵意而感到罪惡感,手足之間的關係也因而變得疏離。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (五)與不確定感共存:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 因為青少年已有成熟的死亡概念,所以當他們面對死亡時,更確定即將失去未來的生活目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 標,但對於治療結果的不確定感,讓重症青少年只得過一天、算一天,有些重症青少年會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 選擇破壞與同伴的關係,避免同伴因自己死亡的分離而感受痛苦。他們也不希望被同情,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 最怕有人因為同情而陪伴在身邊。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">三、請定義「成年」(<span lang="EN-US">5%</span>);針對成年的發展危機,分別簡述之(<span lang="EN-US">15%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (一)成年的定義:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>生物學的觀點:指的是身體各器官都已成長完成,並具有生殖能力的個體。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>心理學的觀點:指的是心智、情緒與社會行為都已經成熟的個體。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>社會學的觀點:指的是能夠扮演成人角色、盡到成人責任與義務的個體。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>法律的觀點:指的是能夠享有法律上所規定的權利,並盡到各種規定義務的個體。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (二)成年的發展危機:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>親密對孤立(十八歲或廿五歲至四十歲):<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>主要的任務是發展「親密」的人格傾向,而不至於消除「孤立」的人格傾向。這階<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 6.5; text-indent: 78.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">段經常會自問的話是:「有人愛我或需要我嗎?我應該跟別人共享人生還是獨自過活<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 6.5; text-indent: 78.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">?」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>發展不順利可能產生的情況:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">不良發展-亂愛:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 如果親密的傾向太多而孤立的傾向幾乎不見,就會出現艾瑞克森所稱之「亂愛」,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 特別是指那些親密關係太自由、太容易、太沒深度的親密關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">惡性發展-排斥外來者:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 如果成年人的平衡是往孤立傾斜太多的話,他們就可能會排斥愛情、友誼、社會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 之情。他們營造某種恨意,來補償自己的孤獨。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>生產繁衍對頹廢遲滯(約四十歲至六十歲):<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>其實這一段時間很難明確地加以界定,通常這段時間,我們正積極地養育孩子。主<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 6.5; text-indent: 78.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">要的任務是發展「生產繁衍」的人格傾向,而不致於消除「頹廢遲滯」的人格傾向。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 6.5; text-indent: 78.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">這階段經常會自問的話是:「我會生產一些真正有價值的東西嗎?」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>發展不順利的情況:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">不良發展-過分擴張:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 有些人太想要有生產力了,以致於無法再有剩餘的時間保留給自己,也無法休息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 和放鬆,艾瑞克森將此稱之為「過分擴張」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">惡性發展-拒絕:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 如果中年人的平衡是往頹廢遲滯傾斜太多的話,他們就可能會不再參與社會活動<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 或做出任何貢獻。我們因為參與社會做出貢獻所獲得的「生命的意義」,他們也就<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 得不到了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">四、請說明成人重症病患的任務與因應(<span lang="EN-US">20%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (一)生理層面:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>任務:不論在家或在醫院,都應該讓病人盡量積極參與決策,由自己來決定如何滿足身<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 體及醫療照護的需求。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>因應策略:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>接受身體的現況:接受目前這個時刻的你、你的身體狀況,以及自己的命運。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>預期體力的衰退:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">要有心理準備,自己經常會覺得體力的衰退情形來得太快。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">往後要準備花更多的時間來做事,因為做事情將會越來越困難。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">l</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">在需要別人協助的時候,要勇於求助。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">m</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">不要被身體和病痛絆住:身體只是個人的一部分而已,並不是全部。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (二)心理層面:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>任務:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>調適自己的失落:藉由宗教、家屬與醫護團隊所獲得的支持,不斷調適自己的心態。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>心理上的安全感:營造愛與尊重的環境,擴大瀕死者的安全感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>因應策略:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>妥善處理挫折感:即使將來無法自己拿東西,也千萬別灰心喪志或氣惱。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>妥善管理壓力與情緒:病情加重或發作時,會倍感壓力,最好預先想個能在壓力下<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 妥善控制自己情緒的方法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>珍惜剩餘生命和機能:因為再度喪失身體某部分機能而痛哭之後,務必珍惜所剩餘<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 的生命和機能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (三)社會層面:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>任務:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>分配時間及能量:規劃如何利用有限的時間與精力來完成哪些未竟事務。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>完成未竟事務:盡量解決尚未完成的擔心與煩惱的事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>安排身後事:財產的分配、遺體的處理、安葬的方式、期望的告別儀式等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>因應策略:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>回顧往事:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">可以緬懷過去,但不要沉溺於過去。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">要從往事中學得教訓,學會原諒自己,寬恕別人,也懇求別人的諒解。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">l</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">善加利用在生命當中所遭逢的所有經驗,用來保持你的鎮定自若。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>積極度日:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">熱情投入感興趣或是在意的事物。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">要設法讓自己覺得是個有用的人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>善待自己:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">要喜愛、同情、善待自己。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">雖有部分隱私因需要而無法維護,但應設法維持自己的內在隱私。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(4)</span>社會支持:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">不論對待別人或自己,都要寬宏大量,做個大度正直和友愛的人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">為自己儲備一個支援體系,結合那些關心自己或自己所關心的人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">l</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">大方接受他人的愛和關懷。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (四)靈性層面:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>任務:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>確立個人的生命意義:確認對個人而言,生命意義的核心價值。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>建立超越死亡的永恆:藉由宗教信仰的教義與儀式,確認自己與家屬如何做,可以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 讓自己走得安詳、充滿希望。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>因應策略:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>掌控心靈和情感:設法對心靈和情緒有日漸增強的掌控力,來彌補身體其他部分日<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 益失去的掌控力;心懷希望,但不要昧於實情。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>建立內在寧靜:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">設法建立內在情感或精神上的寧靜,來平衡身體上的痛苦。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">不論何時,都應該學著接受「現實的自己」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">l</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">有時需要處理矛盾的情緒,因為自己可能會變得反覆無常,這一會兒想要活下來<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> ,下一刻卻只想尋死。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>建構心靈歸屬的管道:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">如果可能,找出一個能感到慰藉的靈修法門。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">找出具有神性、神聖或聖潔的標的,並且以自己的方式了解它、信仰它。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">l</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">尋找生與死的終極答案,但要有心理準備可能會找不到答案,目的只是要好好享<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 7.5; text-indent: 90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">受尋找的樂趣。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(4)</span>思考死亡:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">j</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">生、死之間的距離其實不如我們想像的那麼遙遠。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">k</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">應該感恩上蒼,讓你有時間學習如何死亡。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">l</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">找一些朋友一起追尋心靈慰藉,會比較容易適應追尋心靈歸屬的道路。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings 2"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 2";">m</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">先得學會如何活著,才知道如何面對死亡;先得學會如何坦然赴死,才知道如何<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 好好活著。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">五、影響銀髪族死亡焦慮的因素,請分別簡述之?(<span lang="EN-US">20%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (一)生命意義感:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>生命回顧會降低對死亡的否認。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>過去生命的滿意度與死亡接受度有顯著的相關。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>統整往事的長者比未統整者來得健康,也較為快樂。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>擁有生命目的與有意義的人,會有較少的死亡恐懼,對死亡也會比較正向、比較能接受。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>生命缺乏目的感與方向的人,會有比較高的死亡焦慮。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (二)主觀幸福感:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>自認為越幸福的銀髮族就越不害怕死亡,死亡焦慮也會越低;但如果自認為越不幸福的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 人就越害怕死亡,而越容易承受死亡焦慮之苦,甚至會造成心理壓力與憂鬱的現象。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>自認為越幸福的銀髮族死亡焦慮越低,就越不會逃避死亡,也越不會承受內心的痛苦。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 反之,越不敢面對死亡,而想逃避的人,想逃避而無法逃避的焦慮會更嚴重。這種人不<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 但不容易幸福,而且很可能還會產生心理上的痛苦。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>認為自己越幸福,表示越能夠將死亡看成是與生命並存的現象,或接受死亡是無可避免<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 的現實,有這樣的態度的銀髮族,可能會被激勵來讓生活盡可能地充滿意義與圓滿,也<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 越能夠享受身心的健康,可以盡情發揮全人的力量,創造個人與群體的幸福,當然也越<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 不容易產生死亡焦慮。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>認為自己越幸福,意味著越能接受死後仍有生命的存在,這樣的銀髮族,會認為現在的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 努力都不會因為死亡而消逝,不但越能夠正向接受自己的死亡,也越能夠積極創造自己<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 在世時的幸福,當然比較不容易產生死亡焦慮。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>認為自己越幸福,越能夠接受現世的生活,積極地為自己與群體創造存在意義與價值,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 這樣的銀髮族當然不可能會認為現世是痛苦的深淵,而想要藉由死亡來逃離這些痛苦的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> 人。</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-73430494080361221512016-01-10T06:12:00.000-08:002016-09-26T06:13:26.127-07:00生死心理學(一)<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">科目:生死心理學<span lang="EN-US">(</span>第一次作業<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span></b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一、您對自己「必死的命運」曾經有過什麼樣的負向情緒?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>害怕死亡是人類的本性,而且面對死亡的感覺應該使用「恐慌」這個詞,比用害怕或恐懼<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">都來得恰當,因為恐懼是對於事件有相當程度的瞭解,才會產生恐懼,然而,人類對於死<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">亡,就科學的觀點而言其實是一知半解,甚至可說是全然不知的;幾乎沒有任何人能免除<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">這種恐慌,不論多麼會偽裝,其實骨子裡都一樣會感到恐慌,而且這種根本的恐慌,也會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">影響人生的其他方面。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>易言之,為何所有人在面對死亡時都會感到恐慌,因為不論任何理論、任何宗教對於「死<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">亡」的看法為何,畢竟死亡是每個人都未曾經歷過的事件,也無法去經歷(雖然有些人號<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">稱自己因為經歷某些事件,而有靈魂出竅的經驗,不過以目前的實證科學而言,畢竟這些<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">個人經驗是無法或難以被證實的)。也因為死亡帶有這種未知以及無法知的特性,所以在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">面對死亡時,人們均會感到恐慌。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二、您平時都是以什麼樣的「防衛機轉」來防衛這些面對死亡的負向情緒?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>思想抑制機轉:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 係指意識將想法推入前意識<span lang="EN-US">(preconscious)</span>的過程;為了因應當前的現實狀況,意識決定<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">延後對某情緒或需求的注意;這樣做讓我們可以稍後再來處理這種原本令人不舒服或苦惱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">的情緒,同時接受它們。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>也就是說,平時不去注意「死亡」這個訊息,也就不會產生面對死亡的負向情緒;換句話<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 說,我們已接受了人類「必死的命運」,而且刻意去忽略這個訊息,或將這個訊息從意識<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 中隔離開來。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">三、您認為宗教的起源與人類的「死亡威脅」有沒有關係?為什麼?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學生認為,宗教的起源與人類對於「死亡威脅」的感受,存在著高度的關連性,理由如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>撫慰對於死亡未知感的恐慌:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">人類因為對於「死亡」存在著未知感,所以感到害怕,因而希冀藉由宗教的力量,撫慰內<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">心對於死亡的恐慌。亦即,死亡的威脅使人類感到不安,而必須藉由對於宗教的信仰,以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">面對人類必死的命運。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>賦予生命延續及靈魂永恆的理念:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">宗教藉「輪迴」、「天堂」、「來世」、「靈魂」等觀點,賦予人們生命延續及靈魂永恆的理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 念,以減少人們害怕死亡的恐懼。易言之,人類希望在肉身死後靈魂(意志)得以延續,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 不希望在肉身死後歸於「全無」,所以藉由「靈魂存在論」的宗教觀點,使人們相信靈魂<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 的存在,並藉此抵抗對於死亡的恐懼。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>善惡果報與寄望來世:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 許多宗教利用「前世今生」的觀點建立道德規範,以控制人們為善為惡。這也是利用人們<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 對於死亡感到未知的恐慌,所進行的一種控制手段。基督教更利用「末日的審判」,使信<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 徒願意捨惡求善,並相信生前的所做所為,會導引死後靈魂的依歸。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>道教追求長生不死的修真思想:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 自古道教的修行者皆在追求成仙,也就是渴望永生。為何人們會渴望永生?其實就是因為<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「害怕死亡」。換句話說,道教追求長生不死的思想,就是人類面對死亡威脅的反動。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">四、請描述一下您個人的「生死態度」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>生命短暫:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 在悠悠的歷史長河中,人類的生命就似秋蟬那般短暫,雖說人類的生命有近百年,其實稍<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 縱即逝,倘若不能領悟生命的短暫性,平日虛擲時光,俟他時剎然回首,生命的詩歌可能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 已然唱盡,卻得不到生命的精彩。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>生死無常:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 天有不測風雲,人有旦夕禍福,人生的旅程中,常會有突發性的狀況與災禍,使人措手不<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">及去應對。不論是週遭的親友,或是電視媒體的報導,我們都可以發現到,相較於自然,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">人類是如此的脆弱,一場疾病或一場意外,死神隨時都可能向我們招手。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>活在當下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 綜上所述,學生對於「生命短暫」以及「生死無常」的領悟,使得「活在當下」成了自己<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">最佳的生命態度。也因為有了活在當下的生命態度,學生在面對死亡的陰影及恐懼時,在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">心態上也就顯得坦然。因為人類在面臨死亡的威脅時,最怕的就是留下太多的遺憾與不捨<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt;"> ,時時活在當下,事事把握當下,人生自然就不會感到缺憾了。</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-27468344566132649212016-01-10T06:08:00.001-08:002016-09-26T06:13:54.984-07:00人類學習與認知(二)<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">科目:人類學習與認知<span lang="EN-US">(</span>第二次作業<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span></b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一、請回顧自己的生活,想一想哪個生命階段最有創造力?為什麼?建議可從人格、年齡,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">以及自己的早期經驗等方面進行自我分析。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>最有創造力的生命階段:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學生回顧自己的生命史,發現自己最有創造力的生命階段是「小學時期」,理由是<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學生在小學時期,在文學以及美術創作上均有較佳的表現。例如學生在小學時曾經<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">獲得南投縣政府舉辦的「玉山國家公園繪畫比賽」國小組第一名的佳績。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> (二)自我分析:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>人格特質:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 或許因為隔代教養加之身邊沒有手足的原故,使得學生在小學時期性格較為孤僻<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> ,再加上家境清寒,祖父母無法提供具有豐富聲光效果元素的玩具,而單親的母<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">親又遠在外地工作,微薄的薪水也不可能供應學生富裕的生活,所以此時期的學<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">生,與一般家庭的小孩相較下,擁有較佳的專注力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>年齡:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 小學時期的思想,是那般的天真無邪,也沒有外界事務的干擾,在從事自己喜歡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 的事物時,不會有過多的考量,沒有勝敗輸贏的猶豫,所以想到什麼就畫什麼,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 想到什麼就寫什麼,每一項作品都是真誠的表現,創造力當然也就不會被侷限住。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>早期經驗:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 因為學生認為最有創造力的生命階段是小學時期,所以談及早期經驗時,反而必<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">須談論「現在經驗」的感觸,讓學生認為小學時期是最具創造力的原因。因為學<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">生目前處於三明治時期,上有老母,下有幼子,加之工作的壓力,實在是無法靜<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">下心來專注的完成一項創作,自然也就無法創作出令自己滿意的作品了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二、內隱學習通常是在沒有外力要求、大腦無目的、自動化的學習歷程。請反思自己生命歷<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">程中,在不知不覺中學到了什麼樣的能力或技術?而它又是如何學來的?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>領導統御的能力:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">1.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">所謂的領導統御,其實就是管理「人」的一門藝術,而管「人」的工作與其他的事<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">物相比,其實是相對難以掌握的工作,因為人有情緒、有思想,所以在管理的方法<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">及原則上,絕不可能一成不變,所以帶有許多變數。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>學生在二十歲入伍後,即加入職業軍人的行列,同時也就肩負起「帶兵」的工作,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 在數年後雖然退伍了,但卻又因考上司法特考而進入矯正機關,開始了管理人犯的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 工作;因為環境使然,所以可以看到許多前輩「管人」的方法,長期在這種工作環<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 境的浸淫下,內隱學習自然就會發生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>察言觀色的能力:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>不論是與家人間的互動或是朋友之間的相處,再進一步論及職場上與上司間的應對<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">進退,其實都缺少不了察言觀色這項能力,因為懂得察言觀色,方能在適當的時機<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">發表適當的言論,從事適當的作為。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>在科層體制下工作(軍人、公務員),由於各階級層層節制,上位者充分掌握著下<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 位者所需的資源(考績、升遷),所以除了個人本身需具備傑出的能力之外,懂得<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 察言觀色,順應上司的行政方針,職場生涯也才會順暢。在這樣的職場氛圍下,自<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 然不必刻意去學習何謂察言觀色,就能擁有相當的察言觀色的能力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>與人互動的能力:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>人與人之間的互動是需要學習的,因為每個人來自不同的家庭教養、社經地位等差<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 異性因素,所以人與人之間的互動模式、相處方法一定會不相同,且需要學習。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>由於我們小至幼兒園大至職場就業,甚至是在家庭內與家人的相處,幾乎除了睡覺<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 、洗澡、上廁所此類的時間以外,都是在與人互動、與人相處,經過了長時間的內<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 隱學習後,我們曉得了在什麼時間做什麼事,別人會感到開心,絕不可以在怎麼樣<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 的時機做哪一類的事,所以「與人互動」的能力亦是經由內隱學習而來的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">三、學習的「後設認知」,是指能有效的「計畫、監控、評估」自己學習歷程,進而改善、提<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">升學習成效。那麼「後設認知」又可以如何應用在人際互動上呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>後設認知可協助發展較好的人際溝通:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">人際溝通是人際問題的重心,後設認知能力可以協助個體發展較好的人際溝通,因<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 為與他人之間的溝通能力可以透過「反思與實踐而達到一種知、情、意的轉變」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>後設認知影響個體的態度及反應:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">為何後設認知能力對個體的影響範圍不僅止於知識的學習,還會對個人人際互動能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 力產生影響呢?基本上,個體在與他人互動的時候,需要提取並評估有關他人的知<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 識(包括對人的一般性認知,以及對特定他人的印象),藉以在互動過程中,依據自<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 我採取的態度,做出適當的反應。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>三種不同形式的後設認知:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">根據尼爾森等人的研究,個體在互動過程中依賴三種不同形式的後設認知,包括自<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 我態度的投射(依據自我採取的態度)、統計數字的資訊(對人的一般性認知),以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 及個別化資訊(對特定他人的印象)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>後設認知能力越高人際互動越良好:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">當個體「認知封閉」程度較高時,在與他人溝通的時候,比較容易固著於自己所持<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">有的認知內容,並且採取自我中心態度(偏見),如此,較難從他人的觀點來進行意<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">見的交換與溝通。反之,具有高程度後設認知能力的個體,比較能夠在人際互動過<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">程中,透過判斷、評估、監控,並調整自己在人際溝通歷程中所採取的態度與言詞。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>覺察自我立場並予以適時調整:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">因此,個體可以透過後設認知的提升,強化人際溝通的能力,因為良好的人際溝通<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">不在於言詞或肢體語言技巧的使用,能夠充分的察覺自我所持的觀點與他人觀點之<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">差異,並監控調整互動的方式,才是能夠提升人際溝通品質的基本要素。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">四、請說說看,學完了本課程之後,你對於「終身學習」有什麼新的看法?<span lang="EN-US">(</span>請寫「活到老、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">學到老」以外的看法,並且能與本課程各章節內容互相輝映<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>讀書並非學習的全部:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">在變遷快速的社會,計畫永遠趕不上變化,這個知識不穩定的時代,讓我們清楚了<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 解「讀書」並非等於「學習」的全部,往往我們會認為只有學校老師教的東西才重<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 要,其實在強調學習型組織的社會氛圍下,學習是終身的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>學習如何去學:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學校的學習目標會隨著時代的變遷與要求而改變,以往認為兒童在學校的學習重點<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 是讀、寫、計算等能力的培養,現在則認為,兒童的學習必須強調「帶著走的能力」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> ,學會閱讀不是重點,重要的是能夠批判性的思考,清楚有說服力的表達能力,學<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 習如何去學才是學習的最終目標。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>終身學習等同積極的人生態度:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 未來的世紀是終身學習的時代,如果學習是一種本能,是意義的追求,那麼逃避學<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 習則代表人類本能的衰退,以及人生意義的逃避,擁有終身學習的觀念及態度,也<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 就意味著積極的追求人生意義。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>學習方式並非一成不變:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學習並非知識碎片的堆積,學習是一種成長的歷程,每一次的學習都會讓我們更有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 能力認識、適應並創造環境,當社會的變遷逐漸加速,溝通的工具與方法日新月異<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 下,我們的學習方式勢必會隨之改變。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>學習是終身的歷程:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 最後我們必須體認到,學習無可避免的是未完成且持續的終身歷程,這個歷程含括<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 了我們可以意識到的外顯學習和不能覺察到的內隱學習。未來的世紀是屬於終身學<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 習的世代,知識是資訊經濟的廉價品,獨立思考判斷的能力和自主學習的意志,才<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; text-indent: 24pt;"> 是真正無價的。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-46364708191653313462016-01-10T06:06:00.000-08:002016-09-26T06:14:59.282-07:00人類學習與認知(一)<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:人類學習與認知<span lang="EN-US">(</span>第一次作業<span lang="EN-US">)</span></b></span></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一、「學習」對你而言是什麼?請以第一章「學習如何學習」的閱讀心得為論述基礎,來說明</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">你的看法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>態度決定一切:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>我們都知道,人類所擁有的理性並非純粹的理性,在理性的運作之外,情意成了<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學習與成就的關鍵。情意含括情緒、動機和態度等,我們學習事物的好惡,完成<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學習的動機,以及堅持的程度都會影響我們投入學習的時間,並決定我們認知能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 量投入的方向。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>我們都了解,缺乏情感的學習不是真正的學習,既然身為人,就不可能將認知與<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 情意分開,除非學習的經驗和個人的意義結合,否則就不會有意義的改變。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>學習這件事,情意的面向從來都不是次要的。心理學家的研究告訴我們,孩子主<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 動發自內心的動力,是成功的最重要條件。反觀現在的小朋友,要學習的東西太<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 多了,父母很難不去催促小孩學習,但是一個在父母催促下的孩子,缺乏機會自<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 己催促自己,一旦離開父母,孩子可能不知道如何催促自己學習。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>人人都需要終身學習:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>這個變遷快速的社會,可說是「計畫永遠趕不上變化」的知識不穩定時代,這也<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 讓我們清楚認識,「讀書」並非等於「學習」的全部。過了學校教育的階段,我們<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 很少問自己或朋友「今天學到了什麼?」,在強調學習型組織的社會氣氛下,學習<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 是終身的,「活到老,學到老」不應該只是一句口號。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>以往認為兒童在學校的學習重點是在讀、寫、計算等能力的培養,現在則認為兒<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">童的學習必須強調「帶著走的能力」,學會閱讀不是重點,重要的是能夠批判性的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">思考,清楚有說服力的表達能力,「學習如何學」才是學習的最終目標。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>總結:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>學習並非知識碎片的堆積,也不是複製的產品。學習是一種成長的歷程,每一次<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學習都會讓我們更有能力認識、適應並創造環境,而且「青出於藍,更勝於藍」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>當社會的變遷逐漸加速,溝通的工具與方法日新月異下,我們的學習方式勢必會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 隨之改變;學習的最終目的不是複製前人的知識,而是創造知識。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>最後,我們可以體認到,學習無可避免的是未完成且持續的終身歷程,未來的世<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 紀是屬於終身學習的世代,知識是資訊經濟的廉價品,獨立思考判斷的能力以及<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學習如何自主的學習才是無價的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二、「學習是神經元學會反應」,請說說看:天生腦神經受損的人,有機會恢復功能嗎?請參<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">考本課程數位教材「<span lang="EN-US">2</span>-<span lang="EN-US">1</span>」學習的意義」小純的故事來回答本題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>小純的故事:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 小純是一個腦部嚴重受損的幼兒,出生時即不會哭、不會看、不會所有的動作,不<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 過小純的母親並不放棄小純,每天持續的幫小純按摩全身,並積極教導小純日常生<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 活的事務,並在小純能自主走路時,將小純送到一家特殊幼稚園,期待小純天生即<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 受損的腦神經得以恢復正常的功能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>天生受損的腦神經有機會恢復功能:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>就以小純的例子來說,小純雖然腦部嚴重受損,即便他的大腦失去正常的視覺、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">聽覺、動作區的活動,但小純仍然可以走路、看東西和聽見聲音,因為這些功能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">仍由大腦內部運作尚屬正常區域的神經網接管,恢復關鍵可能在於腦幹區域。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>腦幹猶如總開關,是一切大腦活動的中樞。腦幹軸突遍佈大腦,刺激的結果產生<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 電子脈衝傳導,加強大腦的活動。小純的母親盡可能的提供剌激,小純在進入幼<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 稚園後,更不斷的重複爬行之類的肢體動作,治療師相信這些方法能刺激腦幹,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 從而改善腦恢復的狀況,而小純也展現出驚人的進步,這正是年輕大腦具有強韌<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 恢復力的明證。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>幼兒大腦恢復力勝過成人的原因何在?部分是因為孩子大腦的發展彈性較大,年<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 輕大腦可迅速重新連結神經元的能力,乃是復原的關鍵要素。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">三、什麼是「工作記憶」?你從本課程數位教材「<span lang="EN-US">3-1-2</span>工作記憶測驗」的單元遊戲中,獲<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 得了什麼啟示?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>工作記憶的意涵:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>工作記憶從名詞上來看,指的是主動性的工作、忙碌的自動化歷程,是將我們過<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">去的記憶和新的經驗結合的暫時性工作平台。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>工作記憶是指工作記憶是一種較短時間範圍的記憶形式,是從長時記憶中提取出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">來的,存在著一個分離的記憶結構,工作記憶依賴於大腦前額葉皮層神經環路的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">功能,尤其是谷氨酸神經元與多巴胺神經元之間的平衡。巴德利和希奇認為,工<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">作記憶具有加工處理信息和存儲信息的雙重功能,影響人的許多複雜認知活動。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>從數位教材單元遊戲中所獲得的啟示:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>工作記憶既然是暫時性的工作平台,維持的時間當然是相當的短暫,一般而言都<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 不會超過<span lang="EN-US">15</span>至<span lang="EN-US">20</span>秒;而且它同時可以處理的訊息量也受到相當的限制。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>工作記憶是短期記憶的心理運作層面,用來儲存及提取短期記憶的訊息,以激發<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">長期記憶的運作。就好像是電腦的<span lang="EN-US">RAM</span>,不可以同時開太多程式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>工作記憶的重要功能在於,運用適當的策略來幫助汲取的訊息在短期記憶庫中保<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">持活躍。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">四、為什麼說「觀念的前提比邏輯推演的完美更重要」?請根據第四章「推理與決策」的閱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 讀心得為論述基礎,來說明你的看法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>邏輯推演須考量情境:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 直觀法則與續擴衝突的研究,打破了我們對人類邏輯理性思維過度樂觀的看法。在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 日常生活中,我們都深信自己的判斷能力,所做的決策一定都是有利於自己的目標<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 的,可是大部分的人,每天還是因為決策失誤而損失時間、戀情或金錢。所以,研<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 究者告訴我們不同的情境下,我們依據思考推理的準則是不同的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>現實生活中難以獲得完整的訊息:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>人的理性推理應用,或許實際上並沒有這些實驗室中研究結果所認為的那麼悲觀,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 因為現實生活中的決策和實驗室中的決策有很大的不同。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>現實中,我們常常不得不根據不完整的訊息以及大量多餘的訊息而做出決策,並<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 非像實驗室中的嚴謹控制,也許在現實生活中很有用的決策策略,到了實驗室就<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">起不了作用,而實驗室中的推理錯誤,或許就是來自大部分的人把日常生活中使<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">用的機率策略,應用到實驗中而造成的結果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>總結:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 許多有智慧的人都知道,只要基本的觀念前提把握住了,任何的資料或證據都可以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 很技巧的配合這個觀念的邏輯安排,也就是「自圓其說」。邏輯結構的重點是在湊合<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 闡述一個主旨或觀念,觀念有所偏差,無論其邏輯多麼嚴謹,都是無效的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">五、如果說「了解問題解決的關鍵歷程,可以提升個人的問題解決能力」,你同意這個說法嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">學生同意「了解問題解決的關鍵歷程,可以提升個人的問題解決能力」這樣的說法,說<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 明如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>不要急著解決問題:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 了解真正的問題所在,才是解決問題的重要關鍵。要能夠適切的解決問題,就得多<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 花時間研究問題,而不是解決表面上的問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>從不同的角度改變問題的定義:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>要花時間研究問題,具體而言,就是從不同的角度重新看問題。許多問題難以解<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 決,大部分是來自解決者對問題心存既定的「心向」,而造成思考上的功能固著。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>當面對新的問題,有了既定的問題「心向」,會固定使用以往認為有效的策略,而<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 忽略新問題的特殊性。想要突破既定心向,最好的方式就是試著從不同的角度定<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 義問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>設定次目標縮小問題空間:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 當問題太大或者不熟悉的狀態下,我們很容易流於隨機的嘗試,或者亂了陣腳。在</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 這樣的狀態下,最有效的方式,就是設定次目標,縮小目標和現狀間的距離。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-48514259074952570642016-01-10T05:54:00.000-08:002016-09-26T06:15:23.039-07:00樂齡生涯學習<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:樂齡生涯學習<span lang="EN-US">(</span>第一次作業<span lang="EN-US">)</span></b></span></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一、請簡要說明「成功老化」及「活躍老化」的核心概念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">20%</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>成功老化的核心概念:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">1.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">適應良好、積極外向就是成功老化:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 具有同樣社經與文化背景的高齡者,就算同樣遭遇健康不良與失去配偶的問題,但是若能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">繼續從事有益的活動、擁有良好的人際關係、對生活保持多樣化的功能、繼續保持活力與<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">維持各種的興趣,就會展現出積極活潑的人生哲學,並且做好晚年的調適,這種情況就是<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">成功老化。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>能成功抗壓,就能成功老化:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 退休後,由於個人長期的生活習慣產生中斷現象,又要面對突然增加的閒暇時間,甚至兒<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 女離家的空巢或喪偶等問題,種種現象將使得年輕時沒有解決的情感與過度依賴等問題,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 於老年期浮現出來;成功老化的高齡者,在情感上較為成熟,與他人的關係也比較沒有依<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 賴性,相對其抗壓性較他人為高,對於老年期遭遇的問題,也較能随遇而安。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>對現在與過去的生活感到滿意,就是成功老化:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 就個人而言,成功老化是要獲得最大的滿足與快樂;就社會而言,成功老化是要維持不同<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 年齡與性別團體間的滿足與平衡。成功老化以個人主觀認定為主,與一個人早年的生活型<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 態亦息息相關,一個人到了老年時,如果對於現在與過去的生活均能感到滿意的話,就是<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 成功老化。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>活躍老化的核心概念:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 活躍老化的內涵為何?世界衛生組織的活躍老化政策架構圖,包含了健康、安全及參與等三<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 大支柱,說明如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>第一根支柱-個人健康:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 健康是影響老年人生活滿意度的重要因素之一,當個人罹患慢性疾病的危險因子降低,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 個人的保護因子提高時,將能夠享有較長的壽命以及較好的生活品質,也將使醫療照顧或<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 服務成本降低,使個人在老化的過程中,能持續保有健康,並且能獨立處理自己的生活。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>第二根支柱-社會參與:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 當勞動市場、教育系統、健康體系、社會政策和相關的方案,都能支持並且鼓勵高齡者能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 夠依其權利、能力、需求和喜好,繼續參與社會經濟、教育文化和宗教活動,藉由積極參<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 與,將有助於高齡者在老化的過程中,能夠尋求個人生命意義和自我認同,也能再貢獻其<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 生產力,包括有酬和無酬的活動參與。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>第三根支柱-社會安全:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 當政策和方案都能滿足高齡者在社會、財務、身體安全等方面的需求和權利時,就能確保<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 高齡者能受到保護、尊重和照顧,政策同時也應該規劃配套措施,以支持家庭和社區能夠<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 負起照顧高齡者的責任。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二、您喜歡哪一種退休理論?請說明喜歡此一退休理論的原因,並請參考此一退休理論主張的精神<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> ,試著規劃您理想的退休準備教育方案。<span lang="EN-US">40%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>活動理論:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>活動理論認為,老年人和中年人一樣,有心理和社會需求,對於老年人而言,保持活動並<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 且避免社交範圍縮小,是適當的老化過程,老年人沒有必要一定得減少社會互動,老年期<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 的社會互動減少,主要是老年人從社會中撤退的結果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>因此,活動理論主張個人在面對老化的過程中,若能持續體力、心理及社會的活動,使自<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 己保持參與社會活動的最佳狀態,就能為自己的老年生活帶來滿足感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>喜歡活動理論之原因:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>因為活動理論認為,老年期只是中年期的延長,老年人依然可以與中年時期一樣,從事社<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 會工作、參加社會活動。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>活動理論倡議,社會不應該以年齡為理由,剝奪老年人選擇工作的權利,並鼓勵退休後應<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 該持續就業,使退休者擺脫退休後無角色或退休就撤退的影響,希望透過活動,使老年人<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 再獲致生活與工作的意義及樂趣。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>退休準備教育方案:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>財務規劃:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">退休後除了退休時所領的退休金外(或者月退俸),幾乎沒有其它的收入可供花用,除非<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 在退休後能經營自己的事業第二春,或者找一些相對比較輕鬆的工作以增加收入,因此,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 退休後的理財規劃相當重要,在金錢的支出上必須仔細考量,以免浪費有限的資源。所以,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 在退休前是否能有開源節流的規劃就顯得相當的重要。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>醫療保健:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 肉身的逐漸衰老,以目前的醫療科學而言,是不可逆的過程,隨著年齡的增長,體力逐漸<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 衰退,生理的病痛開始增加,慢性病甚至是癌症開始找上門來,所以對於退休後的醫療保<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 健計畫,絕對不可輕忽。除了可以在年輕時購買保險預防萬一以外,在四十歲之後,每年<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 都應該排定時間進行健康檢查,如此才能及早發現疾病及早進行治療,不致於在退休後,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 拖著滿是疾病的身軀,過著悲慘的退休生活。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>家庭關係:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 家庭關係的培養,以及家庭氛圍的營造,對於退休後的生活而言,也是一門相當重要的功<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">課。在平時,我們就應該與家人們經常保持聯繫、維持良好的互動關係,並致力於家人關<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">係的經營,使家人之間產生常態性的良好互動,退休後,家人們自然也會凝聚在一起。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>休閒娛樂:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 興趣的培養應該在退休前就要養成,否則一旦退休,突如其來的茫然感,可能會將自己淹<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 沒。許多退休者終日無所事事,不是四處找人泡茶聊天,就是守著電視不斷轉台,不僅越<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 聊越空虛,也越看越寂寞。所以及早培養或探索自己的興趣,退休後就能立即投入自己的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 興趣中,最佳的方式就是與自己的另一半一同培養共同的興趣。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>自我學習:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學習不能中斷,就算是退休後也一樣。學習除了可以刺激腦部的運作外,也能藉由學習培<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 養興趣。學習是一輩子的事,知識永遠不會嫌多,所以在退休前的黃金時期,就應該養成<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 學習的習慣,不論是學科或是術科,只要有空閒、有機會,就不應該停止學習,也就是所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 謂的「活到老,學到老」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">三、請從我的需要及我的想要,根據教科書第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">146</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">頁練習活動一的格式,製作一份您的生涯學習需</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 求表,並說明您可能會如何規劃去實踐這份生涯學習需求表。<span lang="EN-US">40%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>我的生涯學習需求表:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt dashed windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt dashed windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 256.5pt;" valign="top" width="342"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">我的需要<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 256.5pt;" valign="top" width="342"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">我的想要<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">保健養生的知識<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">財富的積累<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">親人的關懷<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">學習吉他<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">安定的退休政策<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">閱讀文學書籍<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">長期的國外旅行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.4pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">唱歌的場所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.6pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.6pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.6pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.6pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; height: 2.9pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 2.9pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.1pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 2.9pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.9pt;" valign="top" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: dashed windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 2.9pt; mso-border-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: dashed windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 237.6pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>實踐規劃:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>我的需要:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 需要與想要是分屬不同的領域,需要源於個人發展與社會發展的脈絡,可能不被認為是學<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 習者的直接需求,但是卻與學習者息息相關。就學生的需要而言,不論是保健養生的知識、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 親人的關懷或是安定的退休政策,都是學生在未來退休之後會面臨到的問題,所以在退休<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 之前,就必須著手規劃去學習這些領域的知識與技巧,而言些知識與技巧可利用閒暇之餘<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> ,藉由向專人請教或是自行上網查詢,不過,「安定的退休政策」這一項,就必須仰賴政<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">府改善目前制度上的缺失了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>我的想要:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 所謂個人的想要,係代表個人平時的偏好,係個人平時就容易覺察到的事物。現代人生活<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 步調急促,從年輕到年老,可能有許多夢想變成了「未竟事務」,一直沒有時間去完成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 例如長時間的國外旅遊或是學習吉他,這可能就必須在退出職場以及父母的角色後,才能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 有足夠的時間去完成。當然,這些夢想在實際操作面上也需要足夠的經濟能力去支持,所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> 以,在退休前必須有適當的儲蓄及理財規劃,以便在退休後得以執行。</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-63120674156225136282016-01-10T05:50:00.000-08:002016-09-26T06:15:38.935-07:00親職教育(二)<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">科目:親職教育<span lang="EN-US">(</span>第二次作業<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span></b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt;">一、隨著家庭本質、社會結構與時代變遷,親職教育出現了哪些轉變?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>平等意識的提昇:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">平等主義的體現不止出現在婚姻的雙方,也顯現在親子上尊下卑的階層關係中。尤<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">其對於東方傳統家庭,民主思潮、教育普及以及國際化等因素,皆刺激平等意識的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">提昇。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>科技發展的衝擊:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 在親職教育方面,因為網路與電子媒體而產生的親子困擾或是對家人相處與互動的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">影響更是時有所聞。但是另一方面,透過網路,今日的父母得以獲取前所未有的資<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">源與支援,科技對於親職教育的助益,不可諱言,同時令許多親職教育的推行得以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">無遠弗屆。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>國際化的視野:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 家庭類型的多樣化,代表著家庭不只在成員的組成與建構方式上,突破了地域與文<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">化,其互動與溝通也突破了傳統的形態。家庭成員可能來自或去向世界的任何角落,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">帶來不同文化的衝擊與國際化的視野。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>「共親職」的體認:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 在工業革命之後,女性接受高等教育與投入就業市場已然過了近一個世紀。這之間<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 世界各國多已接受並認同婦女的勞動參與,而雙薪家庭的快速增加難免對親職的角<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">色分配產生影響。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt;">二、試述國內親職教育的實施方式,並進一步分析各種方式的優缺點?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>書面與電子通訊:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>實施方式:書面通訊最常見的方式就是連絡簿,當然書面通訊也可以用不同的方式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">辦理,例如期刊式的定期刊物,或是非定期的通訊及簡訊;而電子通訊的方式,則<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從電子郵件到互動式網頁都可以,近來流行的手機<span lang="EN-US">APP</span>「<span lang="EN-US">LINE</span>」更是能立即得到回<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">饋的電子通訊方式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>優點:可以立即、快速的傳達意見(訊息)或反應問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>缺點:因為形式上屬於簡訊的層次,所以提供的親職教育相關訊息相對也較精簡。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>家庭訪問:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>實施方式:通常是由班級老師或輔導人員與家長約定時間至家庭中訪問。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>優點:讓老師直接與家長接觸、瞭解學生家庭的概況、獲知父母的需求與教養問題<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">及學生在家的情形,以有助於學生在校的學習,及親師之間關係的建立與溝通。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>缺點:透過家庭訪問想達到教育家長的功能,基本上需要長時間建立親師關係,並<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 非單一次的家庭訪問就可以達成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>親職講座:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>實施方式:學校或機構邀請親職教育相關的專家學者至學校對家長演講,主題由學<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 校或演講者決定,時間長短通常視辦理親職講座的目的而定,在演講後,通常有座<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 談或發問時間。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>優點:可以有更多的家長同時參與學習,因為時間較長,探討的內容可以更深入。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>缺點:親職講座的方式因為較屬單方的資訊傳遞,家長在多人聽講的活動當中直接<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 參與性較低,所以不容易吸引家長參加。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>家長參與:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>實施方式:家長參與是比較開放且新穎的方式,其內容與形式也較為廣泛,從家長<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 參加學校或班級的各種活動,甚至到參與或協助行政工作或教學都可以視為家長參<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 與。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>優點:家長參與可以讓家長對學校與教師有更進一步的瞭解與互動,更重要的是讓<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 家長瞭解孩子在學校的學習狀況或困難,並可進一步與教師合作,協助孩子學習,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 也可間接促進父母的親職能力與親子互動。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>缺點:家長參與教學對教師來說可以是助益、挑戰,但也可能形成負擔和衝突,所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 以通常教師較不願意嘗試。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>親子活動:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>實施方式:目前國內親子活動的方式有:親子闖關活動、親子體能遊戲、親子運動<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">會、跳蚤市場、園遊會等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>優點:一般而言,父母與子女都很喜歡參與這類活動,因為過程較輕鬆、好玩,可<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 增進親子互動的機會。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>缺點:通常這類活動的娛樂性質較高,以促進親子互動為主,父母較無法獲得親職<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 教育相關的概念、知能與技巧。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>六<span lang="EN-US">)</span>父母成長活動:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>實施方式:國內父母成長活動的方式,較為常見的有「讀書會」及「父母成長團體」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>優點:父母除了獲得親職教育相關理念與技巧外,還可以透過與其他父母的討論與<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 交流,學習自己問題的解決途徑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>缺點:父母成長團體的課程進行時程可能為期數週,並多於假日進行,現代父母可<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 能宥於工作或其他家庭事務,想參與卻力不從心。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt;">三、各類型家庭應如何進行其親職教育?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>單親家庭的親職教育:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">良好的情緒管理:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 單親父母應學習「察覺-接納-保持-增進」的情緒管理,以健康的心態重新展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 開新生活,進而具體幫助子女。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">家庭成員的溝通與支持:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 單親家長與家庭成員,尤其是子女間的溝通相當的重要。家長應學習並善用親子溝<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 通技巧,必要時尋求孩子的重要他人,如老師或同儕的協助。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">支持網絡的建立:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 透過「個人支持網絡」、「社區支持網絡」、「政府社會支持網絡」等管道,由內<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 而外獲取物質或精神援助。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>繼親家庭的親職教育:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">坦誠相待:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 虛偽與討好也許能矯飾一時,但要能長時間相處則需要去除不必要的假面具。真誠<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 的愛不止要用心,更要花時間去經營。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">包容與接納:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 面對繼子女與其父母親,甚至再婚配偶可能繼續與前配偶存在或必須聯繫與往來,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 不止要有面對的心情準備,還要有接受的雅量,以包容接納換得對方同樣的對待,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 才能夠建立共同的未來。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">公平與紀律:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 由於新成員的加入,無可避免的原來的親子互動會產生變動,對子女的教養方式也<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 會有所調整。因此無論是在家庭管理或教養子女方面,公平是首要原則,前提則是<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 紀律與規則的建立,才能有一致的標準,據此有效的進行分配與管理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">維持適當界線:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 繼親家庭有過去,互動過程中的適當界線是必須的。勿急於與對方融為一體而跨過<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 界,過度介入對方的過去,不僅令對方覺得被侵犯,有些事實可能自己也不能面對。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">5.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">學習與調整:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在新舊融合的過程中,夫妻雙方需要學習和調整,去除先前生活經驗中不適當的觀<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">念與做法,接受對方較佳的,並加入新的更好的事物。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>隔代教養家庭的親職教育:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>務實考量:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 主要的考量應是孫子女的成長需求,並兼及祖父母的實際狀況,才不致於造成過度<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 的負擔而損及對孫子女的照顧。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>協調溝通:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 祖輩與父母的教養態度與行為若是越趨一致,雙方的滿意度越高,同時能減少教養<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 衝突,因此隔代教養的過程中,若是有觀念的歧異與行為的不一致,要能夠經常提<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 出來互相溝通,才能減少並適時化解其中的矛盾與衝突。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>應用相關資源:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 祖父母可能一無所知,或不熟悉各類教養資訊的取得管道,應該透過父母親與週遭<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人士的幫忙,獲取相關資源,以提升隔代教養的品質。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 4.</span>醫療與保健:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 祖父母年事已高,需要注意與維持身體保健,因此應在時間上保留適度的彈性,以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 便進行必要的保健活動與醫療照護,才能讓隔代教養的路能夠長久繼續。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 5.</span>學習親職新知與技巧:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 祖父母可以藉由參考書籍、參與親職講座或相關活動等方式,不僅可以學習親職新<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 知,提升新職技巧,更可能因此增進祖孫情感,可謂一舉數得。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt;">四、面對親職教育的未來趨勢,個人、家庭與公共政策各應做哪些準備?你的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt; text-indent: 28.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt;">準備又是什麼?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>個人的自我調適:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>尊重與包容:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 除了家庭類型的多元化,親子關係的建構在今日也有各式的樣貌。由親子關係的建<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 立到親子之間的互動,都可能與往日傳統的認知不同。面對這一切的轉變,個人即<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 使不能真正接受或認同,至少都應該接受當事人自發性的選擇,而能夠予以基本的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 尊重。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>開放與彈性:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 成為父母之後,在教養子女的過程中,年輕世代必定為父母帶來更多新的衝擊。面<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 對內在成員與外在環境的變動,父母必須充分具備開放的心境與彈性的作法,才能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 承先啟後,兼容並蓄,融合傳統與現代,建立新世代的親職教育。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>重整與融合:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 面對日趨多樣化的家庭與更具變動性的親職,如何將新觀念注入舊腦袋,重新整理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 融合得出新的思維與做法,是每個人的功課。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 4.</span>學習與成長:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 子女的成長過程往往是父母最大的挑戰,但用心的父母必將有所成長,唯有不斷的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 學習,才能夠令自己充分配合時代轉變,而適時吸收新知,不但有助於自身的成長,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 並能有效增進親子互動,提升家庭功能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>家庭成員的努力:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>世代融合:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 身為家庭主要支柱與守門員的父母,必須要強化世代融合的力量,尊上融下,凝聚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 共識,令每個成員得以彼此包容,進而感恩對方的付出,珍惜成為一家人的緣分。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>增進互動的質與量:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 近年來由於雙薪家庭的增加,不止家人互動時間大幅減少,有時甚且「家中無大人」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ,遑論溝通互動。因此,調整家庭成員作息,積極安排家人共聚時段,令家人的互<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 動不止力求質精,同時能夠達到基本的量。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>建立家庭支援網絡:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 應轉變制式化的親職角色認知,令父母雙方不只在行為上,並且在觀念與認知上朝<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 向「共親職」,互相支持、鼓勵與幫助,成為彼此最好且最重要的支援網絡。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>公共政策的配合:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>高齡化與少子化相輔相成、相互為用:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人口結構的失衡,使得高齡化與少子化成為世界各國普遍面臨的問題,也成為夾在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 中間的青壯年不得不面對與承受的重大負擔。如何充分運用高齡人口的經驗與智慧<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ,將其價值發揮到極致,令老中青三代同蒙其利,因此運用高齡人力、提出樂齡計<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 畫與開發代間方案,已成為各國近年致力的課題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>家庭教育的推展與施行:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 針對我國社會邁向少子化、高齡化及移民人口增加等可能產生的社會問題,內政部<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 於<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年<span lang="EN-US">9</span>月提出了《人口政策白皮書》,研擬符合社會結構變遷下的施政需要<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.5; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">及具體可行的對策。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>各級輔導諮商機構的設置與人員的訓練:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 近年來,社會工作人員的分佈範圍日廣,社工人員的分布密度也日漸提高,但是相<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 關人員的培養與訓練仍有待加強與提升,以期能夠真正有效協助家庭問題的解決與<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 親職困擾的緩解。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt;">五、請為一所幼兒園或國小,設計一種親職教育活動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>目的:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">教導單親家長良好的情緒管理技巧。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">促進單親家庭成員間的溝通與支持。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">協助單親家長建立良好的支持網絡。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">減少單親家庭子女的虞犯行為。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>對象:向善國小所有單親家庭之學生及其家長。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>活動內容暨時間表:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 50.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">時間<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">活動內容<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">備註<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">09:00</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">~<span lang="EN-US">09:30<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">相見歡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">簽到、就位、發與活動簡章<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">09:30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">~<span lang="EN-US">10:30<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">專題演講<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">單親家庭也能生活的暨幸福又美滿<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">講師<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">王○○<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">10:30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">~<span lang="EN-US">11:30<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">親子動動腦<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">益智遊戲與腦力激盪<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">11:30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">~<span lang="EN-US">13:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">溫馨的親子午餐時刻<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 7.0pt;">素食者請至報到處領餐<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">13:00</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">~<span lang="EN-US">14:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">專題演講<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">淺談單親家庭子女與反社會人格之關係<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">講師<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">李○○<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 28.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">1400</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">~<span lang="EN-US">1500<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">親子關係座談<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">情緒管理、溝通技巧、支持網絡<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">帶領人<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">林○○<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>時間:○○年○○月○○日上午<span lang="EN-US">09:00</span>至下午<span lang="EN-US">15:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>場地:向善國小禮堂<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>六<span lang="EN-US">)</span>贊助單位:法務部矯正署收容人作業基金</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-29143567755007822642016-01-10T05:48:00.000-08:002016-09-26T06:16:01.211-07:00親職教育(一)<b><span style="font-size: large;">科目:親職教育(第一次作業) </span></b><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">一、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">解釋名詞<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>親職教育:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 所謂親職教育,是指以不同形式的教育方案和活動,教育或提供學習資訊給為人父母者、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">未來將成為父母者與幼兒實際照顧者,以提升父母親角色責任和教養子女的能力,成為有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">效能的父母親,滿足子女的發展需求,培育身心健全的下一代。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>豆莖式家庭:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 所謂豆莖式家庭,正好與過去金字塔形式家庭相反,指的是年紀大的「祖父母世代」人數<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">較「父母世代」多,而「父母世代」的人數又比「孫子女世代」多的家庭結構形式。而雖<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">然生育少,造成每一世代的人口數不多,但由於壽命延長,使得家庭中的代數增加,使家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">庭人口結構就像一串細長的「豆莖」般。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>文化反哺:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 請謂文化反哺就是子女反過來協助父母社會化的「反向社會化」。在科技日新月異的現代<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">社會中,年輕人對新的事物,通常有較高的敏銳度與接受能力,若他們將學會的新技能、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">新知識、新價值觀與父母分享,幫助父母與社會變遷接軌,此種向父母回饋的過程就稱之<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">為「文化反哺」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>共依附父母:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 所謂的共依附父母,是指與子女間產生糾結不清的情感互動現象,這些父母的特性之一是<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在情感上隨著子女起舞,以子女為生活的重心,久而久之,忽略自己的情感需求,就像直<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">升機父母常有的現象,想要為子女提供即刻的服務。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>微視系統:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 微視系統是指,個人面對面接觸或直接參與的人或事,與個人的接觸最為直接也最為頻繁,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 因而對個人的影響最大、最深遠。例如家庭、學校、街坊鄰里、同儕團體或宗教團體等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、請說明生命歷程理論如何為親職教育提供理論基礎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 生命歷程理論結合了微觀與巨觀的心理學與社會學論點,期待從個體發展與社會脈絡,給親職<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 教育帶來一些開創性的觀點,說明如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>生命全程發展準則:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 從生命全程發展準則可知,父母親對子女的影響是一輩子的,子女早年的生活經驗,深深<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 影響其生命軌跡的建構。例如,研究發現父母離婚對子女帶來的負面影響,可能不僅止於<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 離婚的前幾年,子女在成長期後也可能有較多的憂鬱和沮喪。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>行動力準則:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 從行動力準則看親職角色對子女的影響,可以了解當兒童、青少年甚至成人,在遇到困難<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 時,能否積極面對以解決問題,與他年幼時感受到父母面對困境時,是否能展現積極的行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 動力有很高的關聯。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>時間和空間準則:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 從時間和空間的準則可知,父母的成長生活脈絡與子女並不相同,但是父母所成長的環境<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 影響了他們的教養觀念、教養知能,因而難免與子女間產生代溝。所以父母在執行親職角<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 色的歷程,必須不斷的了解與學習社會的變遷,而子女也宜了解父母成長的時代背景,親<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 子之間才能相互接納與包容。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>時機準則:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 從時機準則來看,父母在教養子女的過程中,必須把握子女發展的關鍵時期,不能揠苗助<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 長,也不能錯失良機。同樣的,成為父母的時機對子女也有影響,年紀太輕生育,自己的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 心智尚未成熟,更沒有足夠的經濟能力照顧子女,對子女的發展將會帶來負面影響。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>生活連結準則:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 生活是相互依存的,與個人生活相互依存的因素包括人、事、時、地、物等。在時間和空<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 間準則中,強調的是環境脈絡,也就是人與環境的連結,而生活連結準則特別強調與人的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 連結,所謂「近朱者赤,近墨者黑」就是生活連結的寫照。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三、親職工作上常見的錯誤認知有哪些?何是家長應該具備的合宜觀念?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>親職工作常見的錯誤認知:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>當父母並不需要學習:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 早期社會將親職視為自然天成的結果,是個體必然經過的人生階段,認為親職教育知識<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 可以無師自通,這種觀念相當難以改變。事實上,根據內政部的統計資料顯示,家長對<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 兒童施虐的原因中,以缺乏親職教育知識為第一位。可見現代父母若沒有學習,只憑自<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 我感覺隨性而為是非常危險的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>應該事必躬親的快捷父母:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 部分的父母,持有凡事都要清楚且可掌握的想法,把孩子的事情攬在身上,將孩子的發<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 展與自己的生活緊緊相繫。這使得生長在這些家庭的子女,沒有發展獨立生活能力的環<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 境,成長後就可能面臨嚴重的適應困擾,所以「快捷父母」極可能造就「無能子女」,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 對親子雙方來說,都是慘痛的代價。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>親職工作應具備的合宜觀念:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>父母親是需要終身學習的課題:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 父母親是需要學習的,沒有人生下來就能熟練於照顧與教養孩子的事項。社會變遷迅速,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 我們不可能僅憑藉自己的成長經驗來養育孩子,再則隨著孩子成長,親職任務也會有所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 變動,家長必須因應孩子不同發展階段調整與孩子互動的方式,這些都是需要學習的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>沒有完美父母但有盡責家長:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 父母必須了解到自己不是全能的,面對孩子身心各方面的需求時,可能常會出現不能及<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 時滿足子女需求的情形,這時我們可以尋求協助,或透過學習獲得新的智慧與能力,讓<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 自己有機會修正不適任的親職表現,扮演盡責的家長。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>愛「有原則」,用對的方式愛孩子:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 父母因為提供「易開罐式」的愛(廉價、易得而且隨取隨有),這種只要孩子有需要就<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一定送上門的服務,引發出孩子更多的負面性格。因此在付諸關愛行動之前,家長應該<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">要學習先確認「孩子是否真的需要」,還是家長「一床情願」的付出?不要讓孩子因父<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">母的錯愛,掉入不負責任、沒有理性情緒的成長黑洞中。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>欣賞並接納孩子的個異性:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 孩子並非成人的縮小版,先天的氣質常讓孩子具有個別性,家長若是一昧的強要子女唯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 命是從,往往只會招來更多的親子衝突。例如個性比較急的家長,面對性情較為溫吞的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 子女時,會急於催促孩子行動而弄僵了親子情感。因此在教養相關的研究或是書籍中,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 總會提到必須根據子女的氣質與特性調整教養方式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">四、針對當前青少年所面臨的性行為與未婚生子、物質濫用、網路成癮等危機,您認為親職工作應<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 該如何做好預防及因應?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>性行為與未婚生子:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.Moffatt</span>認為,如果父母能在孩子幼兒期或學齡期就利用機會給予性教育,到了青春期,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">父母和子女討論有關性的議題即是很自然的對話,而且孩子也比較不會不好意思提出疑<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 5.0; text-indent: 60.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">問。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.Miller</span>等人認為,若父母有監控青少年的活動,知道孩子在做什麼,而且不鼓勵性行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 為,加上孩子感覺與父母是親近的,則青少年子女較不會有性行為。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>物質濫用:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>所謂物質濫用是指過度或強迫性使用某種藥物,會造成對個體生理、精神、行為、學習<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 、家庭、人際等方面的危害,影響個體健康、安全及幸福,甚至危害社會的運作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>父母的示範相當重要,父母如果希望青少年子女不要吸菸或喝酒,基本上需先以身作則<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,並給予子女適當的關注與自主空間,以避免孩子使用菸酒或甚至毒品作為抒解壓力的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 方法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>網路成癮:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>所謂網路成癮係指,個體長時間沉迷於網路上,無法離開網路,成癮行為導致生活形態<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 改變、影響睡眠習慣與品質、忽略健康、忽略家人、失去朋友、忽略工作與生活。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>父母應儘可能經營一個溫暖關愛,但仍有規範的家庭環境,給予青少年正向的支持,在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 孩子表現正向行為時給予鼓勵,讓他們願意重複正向的行為;在孩子遇到挫折失敗時</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">不施予責罵與貶抑,而是再次給予鼓勵與支持,讓孩子及早認識自己,學會肯定自己。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-66707001852664478262015-10-30T06:23:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:16:22.872-07:00社會工作管理(二)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:社會工作管理(第二次作業)</b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、請列出方案評估報告的內容。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>執行摘要:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 評估報告的讀者大多數是沒有時間和精力去閱讀厚厚的一本報告,若能夠提供執行摘要報告<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ,對忙碌的閱讀者是較可行的。摘要的方式有兩種:一份報告內的執行摘要與執行摘要。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>導言:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 一份適宜的導言將列出整個報告的內容,包括評估的基本目的和報告所欲傳遞的讀者。確保<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 一份報告能夠完整地描述評估原理之較佳的方式,即是要能傳達下列問題:何以要執行該項<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 評估?評估所欲達到的是什麼?評估所要回答的問題是什麼?何以評估要以這種方式執行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ?一旦這些訊息能夠被提供,讀者便可能藉由詢問每個題目被回答的程度,以決定這份報告<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 是否是相關的。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>評估報告的焦點:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 本部分提出評估的焦點,並歸納出評估的相關措施。評估目標的描述不應僅侷限於物質的特<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 性,也應該能夠包括:<span lang="EN-US">1.</span>原理、總目標和具體目標;<span lang="EN-US">2.</span>受益的病患、顧客、學生或其他受益<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 或參與者;<span lang="EN-US">3.</span>方案的結構、內容、措施或其他特性;<span lang="EN-US">4.</span>執行的策略和程序;<span lang="EN-US">5.</span>操作脈絡;<span lang="EN-US">6.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 所需的人力和其他資源之要件。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>評估設計和程序:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 任何完整的評估報告必須要能夠包括評估設計的詳細說明、資料蒐集工具,以及分析和解<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 釋資料的方法和技術。評估設計和程序的陳述首先要能對所要傳達的問題或主題做明確的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 陳述;當問題建立後,便必須要導向資料的蒐集;緊接著即是運用各種相關方法對資料進<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 行評估;接著即是從研究過程中抽離或導出組織和詮釋訊息的模型。經歷了這些步驟後,再<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 進入到結果的呈現。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>評估結果的呈現:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 評估結果呈現的目標乃在於要讓這些結果變得更有意義,評估報告要能有組織的呈現,以幫<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 助讀者能夠將主要的問題和研究發現做連結,評估者最好能夠以「問答」的方式,針對所提<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 出的問題做回答。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>六<span lang="EN-US">)</span>結論和建議:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 本報告這部分將提出評估者要列出使用的標準和準則,提供有關品質之最佳的判斷,並依其<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 判斷提出建議。標準和準則應能詳細列出,兩者皆是評估者用於判斷評估目標有效或無效,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 以及有價值或沒有價值。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>七<span lang="EN-US">)</span>少數意見報告:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 並不見得全部的評估者皆對評估結果的意見是一致的,對於一些不同意見或持不同意見者,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 若可能的話,其意見也應被列出供作參考。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>八<span lang="EN-US">)</span>附錄:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 附錄是評估者提供所需的方法論和技術的訊息,它是詳細描述評估程序、詳細表列資料、觀<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 察、分析、重要訪談資料及其他相關訊息的最佳處所。附錄有助於讓有些主題部分的說明更<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 加明確和可靠。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、請簡述綜合議案預算協調法<span lang="EN-US">(Omnibus Budget Reconcilation Act)</span>為何。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>美國國會在<span lang="EN-US">1981</span>年制訂綜合議案預算協調法(<span lang="EN-US">Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act</span>),將<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">五十七個社會方案依類別分為七類塊狀的津貼(<span lang="EN-US">grants</span>)提供資金。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>這些塊狀的津貼包括社會服務、社區服務、酗酒、藥物濫用、心理衛生服務、婦幼健康服務、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 社區發展服務、初級健康服務以及預防保健服務。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三、請簡述國民健康服務與社區照顧法的創舉與目標。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>創舉一:透過購買者/供應者間的契約關係,導入內部市場。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 目標:<span lang="EN-US">1.</span>獎勵效率、品質佳及受歡迎的供應商。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>讓購買者有能力選擇供應商。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>創造競爭以改善服務標準。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>建立服務供應數量與標準的透明度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>創舉二:建立醫院與社區照顧信託基金;基金直接向中央政府負責。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 目標:<span lang="EN-US">1.</span>儘可能縮短決策責任距離。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>掃除服務供應商需要再一次諮詢較高一層次,特別有關財務管理及員工條件方面的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 障礙。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>創舉三:創造具有志願性質的「資金持有者」<span lang="EN-US">Gps</span>,讓他們可以直接購買某些,如出院服務、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 隨意選擇性的手術與作診斷業等醫院的服務。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 目標:<span lang="EN-US">1.</span>透過競爭改善醫院的標準。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>讓<span lang="EN-US">Gps</span>在醫院決策過程中更具有影響力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>創舉四:提供醫院審查與診療者的工作計畫。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 目標:增加醫院醫師的責信與臨床表現。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>創舉五:以人頭付費作為替目前的某一人口群購買服務的基礎。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 目標:<span lang="EN-US">1.</span>提升國內不同人口的資源能達到均衡。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>鼓勵依地方需求量身訂做,以符合其需要。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>六<span lang="EN-US">)</span>創舉六:導入建築物、設備,以及其他資本財等資本稅。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 目標:鼓勵有效利用土地。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">四、請比較下列三種行政模式之運作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">科層體制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">新管理主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">專業主義</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>科層體制:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>主要核心份子-科層官僚。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>專門技術-依功能劃分的行政任務。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>動機-公共服務。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>責信-對上級負責、強調依從。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>決策-依規定辦事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>新管理主義:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>主要核心份子-經理人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>專門技術-行政管理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>動機-個別性誘因。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>責信-績效標準。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>決策-準自主性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>專業主義:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>主要核心份子-專業人員。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>專門技術-專業能力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>動機-專業承諾。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>責信-專業標準。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>決策-裁量權。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">五、試說明優先供應者組織<span lang="EN-US">(PPO)</span>的回溯定價模式。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>私人保險根據「尋常、習慣性及合理」的標準補助醫師。這個方法係給付者以保證一定數量<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 的病人給供應者作為交換條件,包括在一個區域的保險費的訂定,並以平均保費或平均保費<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 百分數為基礎,補償供應者。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>優先的供應者組織(<span lang="EN-US">preferred provider organizations,
PPOs</span>)及醫院協商,持續以「尋<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 常、習慣性及合理」的標準為基礎之折扣給付。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)PPO</span>模式是從<span lang="EN-US">HMO</span>的概念逐步發展起來的,同時也是另一個折價的例子。參加<span lang="EN-US">PPOs</span>組織的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 被保人是經挑選過的,並願意接受折扣的醫院及醫師看病。一般而言,它可以比綜合保險少<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">15%</span>至<span lang="EN-US">20%</span>的折扣。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">六、名詞解釋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">照顧管理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">督導多元模式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">策略性管理<span lang="EN-US">(15%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>照顧管理:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 照顧管理經常被運用在保證照顧品質上,與控管所輸送服務的成本的任何努力。照顧管理一<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 開始是運用於生理健康及心理衛生的照顧成本與品質,其後照顧管理開始影響其他,包括家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 庭服務、兒童福利服務及一系列公共服務方案等社會服務。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>督導多元模式:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <st1:personname productid="方" w:st="on">方</st1:personname>老師您好,「督導多元模式」這個名詞,僅在第十五章摘要<span lang="EN-US">(p388)</span>出現一次,學生在書中<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 反覆翻尋均無所獲,僅能就第十五章內感覺與「督導多元模式」意思最相近的課文中提取以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 下兩點,<st1:personname productid="尚請" w:st="on">尚請</st1:personname>老師包含。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>一個督導人員在機構中扮演的角色是多方面的,其中包括有:關鍵的角色、中間人、邊際<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人、另一工作者,以及人群關係專業等的角色。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>於新世紀仍然可延用的督導方式中,最常用且效益化的有個別督導、團體督導及同儕督導<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 等,此外,尚有科際間的督導或團隊督導,各種督導的運用端視所處的情境而定。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>策略性管理:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 策略性管理是將策略性目標轉化為行動的過程,它始於發展整個機構之年度事務的計畫,運<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 用參與的過程,主管發展特定的目標、方案步驟、績效標準時程表以及預算。策略性管理的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 主要表現方式在於自我指導的工作團隊,這些團隊形成輸送顧客特定服務,且並不必然要遵<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> 從正式的組織結構,主管將權責授與這些工作團隊,以監督和管理機構內部的運作。</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-16438105402502458712015-10-30T06:19:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:16:42.027-07:00社會工作管理(一)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:社會工作管理(第一次作業)</b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、何謂人群關係管理理論?請表列比較<span lang="EN-US">X</span>理論、<span lang="EN-US">Y</span>理論及<span lang="EN-US">Z</span>理論的理論假設。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>人群關係管理理論之意涵:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>人群關係理論強調人類動機的複雜,它將焦點聚合在各種層次的生產力與工作態度,以及<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">如團體規範等由社會所決定之影響工作的各種行為。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">人際關係理論的學者,主要以實證研究組織中的個人行為出發點;人群關係理論也強調,<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以經理人對組織內人類行為的理性及非理性問題解決與決策等決定因素的理解的重要性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">) X</span>理論、<span lang="EN-US">Y</span>理論及<span lang="EN-US">Z</span>理論的理論假設:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.X</span>理論<span lang="EN-US">(</span>創立者<span lang="EN-US">Douglas Mcgregor)</span>:</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">人類天性不喜歡工作,能避免則儘量避免。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">由於不喜歡工作,因此大部分的人在他願意辛勤工作前,必須加以控制及威脅。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (3)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一般人喜歡被指導工作,不喜歡責任,喜歡安全勝於一切。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (4)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這些假設為今日大部分組織的基礎,懲罰時,應施以嚴峻管理;為求工作能協力完成<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">應施以「軟性」管理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (5)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">嚴峻管理與軟性管理都是錯誤的,因為人需要財務以外的報酬<span lang="EN-US">(</span>較高層次的動機,如實<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">現自我<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (6)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">理論<span lang="EN-US">X</span>的經理人無法給其員工這樣的機會,因此無法像自我實現般工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.Y</span>理論<span lang="EN-US">(</span>創立者<span lang="EN-US">Douglas Mcgregor)</span>:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">生理與精神上的努力工作就如同遊戲或休息,是非常自然的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">控管與懲罰並非是讓人工作的唯一方式;人在向組織信守承諾的情況下,他會自我引<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">導於工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (3)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">如果工作令人滿意,則可以讓他對組織信守承諾。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (4)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一般人不僅會接受,在學習後,他會進一步尋求責任的付託。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (5)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">幻想、創立及機敏可用以解決工作問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (6)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在現代工業生活中的條件,一般人的智力、潛力只是被部分使用。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.Z</span>理論<span lang="EN-US">(</span>創立者<span lang="EN-US">Ouchil)</span>:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">強調組織的適當型式,並隨著工作性質和有關人的特殊需要來決定。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">工人在團隊中有強烈的忠誠度與興趣,因此,應給予充分的自由與信賴感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (3)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">工人與管理階層間的平等相當重要。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (4)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">人類懷著許多不同需要和動機加入工作組織,主要需要為實現勝任感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (5)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">勝任感每人都有,可以被不同的人以不同的方法來滿足。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (6)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">當工作性質與組織型態能配合時,勝任感最容易滿足。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (7)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">當一個目標達成時,勝任感可以繼續被激勵,並引起連鎖作用,新的目標又產生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、試說明建構及維繫社區資源網絡應注意那些事項?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>建構社區資源網絡應注意之事項:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">資源網絡建構主導單位的設置:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 資源網絡的建構必須是要以個案的需要為前提,但提供服務之潛在網絡成員(含個人和團<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 體)參與網絡的動向,卻是網絡能否形成與運作的關鍵性因素。以老人長期照護為例,因<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 絕大多數縣市的幅員遼闊,「長期照護管理示範中心」往往僅有一個,實難以符合社區化<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 照顧的期待,如何進一步調整或依生活圈設置分部,並網羅社政與衛教人才於其中,以負<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 起相關資源的發掘與統整,將是長期照護資源網絡建構的起步。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>從部門的內部整合到外部整合:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 在一個高度分化的健康照護和組織體系裡,未能充分地去統整其它單位,實為績效不彰的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 原因。為讓部門或專業間的網絡建構,不致因欠缺組織內部的協調而流於形式,政府的衛<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 教與社政實有必要先檢視自己內部整合問題,並從事必要的修正與改善,以為外部的整合<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 奠定良好的基礎。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>網絡資源的盤點與穩定性的確立:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 資源的穩定性也是網絡運作重要的一環,在面對各種需求的環境下,若資源存在著不穩定<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 性,將難以提供服務使用者全面及穩定的滿足,甚至網絡間也難以確保發揮互補的作用,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 特別是在資源匱乏期,可能會導致網絡成員間彼此怨懟,這不僅不利於專業間或部門間的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 互動,甚至也可能波及到對資源網絡存在之必要性的質疑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>網絡建構之願景與目的之釐清:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 社區資源網絡的建構往往有其理想與目標,網絡是一些專業者與專業者,以及機構與機構<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 間的連結與合作,網絡建構的主導者應透過參與的方式,與潛在網絡成員研商網絡的願景<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 和目的,以讓每位參與者清楚了解到網絡存在之目的,以及網絡對個案及各機構的助益。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>網絡成員間伙伴關係的營造:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 跨專業和跨部門所形成的社區資源網絡,或因彼此間沒有強制的約束力,或因彼此間專業<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 或權力的不平等而易於產生嫌隙。因而,主導單位對於參與其中的公、私部門,要能避免<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 專業主義或部門主義的作祟,以為基於自願結合的網絡彼此留下更多討論和協議的空間。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>維繫社區資源網絡應注意之事項:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>網絡成員是參與者<span lang="EN-US">(</span>主角<span lang="EN-US">)</span>而非搭配者<span lang="EN-US">(</span>配角<span lang="EN-US">)</span>:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 為避免網絡成員可能的疏遠,照顧服務輸送中的網絡成員角色,應予以適度的分配與肯定,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 以讓他們覺得在網絡中可發揮其功能。此外網絡成員之定期或不定期的集會,也要有機會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 讓網絡成員參與討論及說明,以增進每個機構所欲追求的責信度,因為每個機構皆有其行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 銷自己的期待。因而,給予網絡成員積極參與的機會,並讓每個機構皆扮演著主要角色,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 抑或有機會輪流當主角,將可更加維繫相關機構參與網絡運作的意願。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>網絡成員間非正式關係的重要性並不亞於正式關係:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 網絡成員間的互動關係有正式和非正式,正式互動往往是機構間透過正式公文往返,抑或<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 在正式集會場合所從事的互動。非正式互動可能是成員藉由正式互動的機會所建立起的私<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人情誼,這種基於成員之私人情誼所建立的網絡關係,將可去除正式互動之過度僵化體制<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 所衍生出的缺失,而使得個案服務更具有彈性和效率。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>增進網絡合作實質績效的可見度:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 為實際解決個案的問題並滿足其需求,主導單位宜依所設定的目標準則,就網絡的績效指<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 標做必要的檢視,除可讓網絡成員了解到彼此合作的實際成果,也會藉由檢視而增進網絡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 成員合作的可見性,並進一步激勵與強化網絡成員的合作意願,進而對網絡成員的士氣產<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 生激勵作用。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>不斷檢視網絡目標的達成度:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 資源網絡的建構有其願景及目的,在網絡的運作上,主責單位需不斷地藉由網絡成員共同<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 參與擬定的目標,定期或不定期地予以檢視,以確定目標的達成度。相對的,網絡成員若<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 能不時檢視目標,對案主而言,將更易於確保整合性服務的提供。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">三、試述目標導向之績效管理的內涵或步驟。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 一套有效之目標導向的績效管理體系在實務運作上,包含著許多重要的內涵或步驟,茲說明如<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>設定目標與績效指標:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 目標導向之績效管理的首要步驟,即是要設定與整個組織目標直接相關之個別績效的整體<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 目標<span lang="EN-US">(goals)</span>和特定目標<span lang="EN-US">(objectives)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">整體目標:整體目標即是抱負,是指一般方向和意圖的說明,它在某特定期間內是廣泛、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">無時間性及與特定成就無關的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>特定目標:特定目標即是期待,係對要何時及由誰達成結果的具體說明,它們是可被量化<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 或可觀察得到的成就,每個特定目標必須與整體目標及組織的宗旨有關。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>監測績效與回饋:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>在一個有效的組織裡,工作和任務是要持續被監測的,監測係指員工或工作團體在達成其<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">目標的過程中,持續予以測量績效和提供回饋。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">監測績效的規則要求包括,依事先設定的績效要素和標準,以及執行過程的檢視。持續監<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">測可檢查員工達成預先設定標準的程度為何,並對一些不務實或有問題的標準做修正。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">此外,藉由不斷的監測,可在評鑑期間的任何時候確認不被接受的績效,並適時提供達到<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">績效所需要的協助,而非等到評定後才去做。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>發展執行能力與團隊合作:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>發展係指藉由訓練、引進新技術或給予較高責任的任務,以增進其做事的能力,並改善其<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">工作方法。若組織能夠藉由訓練而讓員工有發展機會,除可鼓勵員工創造較佳的績效外,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">也讓員工可儲備更多的優勢或能力,將可讓組織更易於因應環境變異所帶來的衝擊。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>目標導向的績效管理是要透過團隊的努力才能實現目標的,營造積極的組織環境和創造良<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 好的工作氛圍,是績效管理不可或缺的,也是組織之績效目標能否達成的重要關鍵。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>在一個團隊中若要能有效地運作,則需要相當多的技巧、努力和時間。員工需要訓練和發<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 展,以使得他們能夠學習新的工作方法。學習和發展應著重於發展個人需要有效執行其工<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 作,以及其個人成長和生涯發展所需的技巧和知識。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>定期考核績效:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>組織若能定期考核員工績效,並依個別員工不同時期的表現或不同員工間的表現做比較,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 對員工個人或組織的績效將有其實質的助益。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>在正式績效評估的脈絡裡,考核係指依照一位員工的績效計畫之要素和標準,評定員工或<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 團體的績效,並判定其等級。等級核定所依據的程序包含於組織評鑑計畫,它是依據整個<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 評鑑期間所從事的工作而定。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>績效考核讓我們有機會去比較,建立在績效計畫的特定目標和期待的整個績效結果,績效<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 考核的檢討也就是一個正式總結員工績效的對話。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>獎懲與申訴:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>獎勵係指員工個人或做為團體的一員,因其績效對機構宗旨有貢獻而被表彰;在績效不佳<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 的處理上,若任務債在組織內的一般程序裡,則一般的紀律規則便可適用,被賦予任務的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 員工應該被告知申訴和紀律的程序,以便在彼此期待出現嚴重不一致時,自己會明確地知<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 道,所要使用的紀律為何。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>申訴程序提供一個正式的機制給個別員工或團體,以便讓他們的關心和抱怨能夠引起雇主<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 的注意,並設法予以解決;員工和管理者都希望不要用到申訴或紀律的程序,程序的存在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 是要在問題發生時,提供一個公平處理問題的情境。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">四、請訪問一位職場朋友<span lang="EN-US">(</span>不限職業類別,但以社工界為佳<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,他的主要壓力來源及處理方式。又,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 如果你是他的主管,你將如何協助他?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 矯正機構(監獄、看守所等)內的工作人員,可謂是另類的社會工作者,舉凡協助收容人處理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 外界的事務、收容人子女的安置、收容人的心理輔導及收容人入監後其家庭的社會救助等,均<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 需藉由矯正機構內的工作人員協助其完成,學生就以矯正工作者為對象作答此題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>矯正工作者的壓力源:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>矯正機關超額收容:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">全台矯正機關超額收容嚴重,政府又不願正視此問題的嚴重性,矯正工作者每日必須面對<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">數以百計的個案與其所提出的問題,導致每位矯正工作者陷入人仰馬翻、筋疲力竭的窘境。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>收容人精神、身體狀態不穩定:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">檢察官未依法將無法自理生活的收容人另作處遇,為儘速結案,便宜行事將人犯全送入矯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">正機關,導致矯正機關內常出現精神錯亂或重大疾患而難以自理生活之收容人,不僅難以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">依法施行處遇作為,對於與個案的輔導、溝通及建立關係方面,更是雪上加霜。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> (二)處理壓力的方式:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>認清並接受現實:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 矯正機關超額收容及收容人結構的崩壞,已是目前既定的事實,上位者不願面對,下位者<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 僅能儘量去做,就當成是在做功德。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>情緒調節:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 利用休假時間往郊外或山林鄉野散心,紓緩緊張的身心狀態,以利日後在遇到精神錯亂或<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">難以適應矯正機關團體生活的個案時,能用沉穩的思緒去面對。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>正向樂觀的態度:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 將整個工作經驗視為增強自己能力,以及發展成長的重要機會,儘量以正向、樂觀的態度<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 去面對工作上遇到的事件。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> (三)如果我是他的主管,將提供之協助:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>利用工作之餘辦理團體活動:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 例如團體的球類運動,不僅能藉由運動紓解緊張感與平日積累的壓力,也能藉由運動提升<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 職員間的互動關係,讓職員對於整體工作的挑戰更有向心力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>給予實質的獎勵:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 適度的獎勵能激發團隊的士氣,例如給予認真的職員更多的獎評,以讓認真的職員在升遷<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 方面有更高的機會,職員將更願意為團隊付出心力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>提供適當的督導:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> 督導也是一種幫助員工減少倦怠的作法,藉由督導可協助員工具備組織必要的知識與技能</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt;">,並可減少短期與長期壓力源的影響,並提升員工獨立的功能。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-73238163747047943482015-10-28T08:25:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:17:00.293-07:00精神病理社會工作(二)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:精神病理社會工作(第二次作業)</b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、請說明精神病理社會工作評估的內容包含哪些?(<span lang="EN-US">20%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>疾病因素:包括診斷<span lang="EN-US">(diagnosis)</span>、預後<span lang="EN-US">(prognosis)</span>與後遺症。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>個人因素:包括病人的發展階段,以及與年齡性別有關的任務、地位與角色,情緒的、心理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 的特質,社會的與文化的特性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>人際因素:包括家庭發展階段與相關任務,溝通與關係過程,結構性的角度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>環境因素:包括物質與社會環境的障礙與資源。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>文化因素:種族、族群、社會階段、宗教與職業所產生的文化規範、文化價值、文化目標與<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 對疾病的態度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>六<span lang="EN-US">)</span>綜合因素:以上五種因素交互影響而產生新的壓力,或產生無法<span lang="EN-US">(</span>或可以<span lang="EN-US">)</span>適應的資源。</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、請畫出自己的家系圖(至少三代)(<span lang="EN-US">20%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="300" src="file:///C:/Users/FAN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">請依自己家庭狀況繪製</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:510pt;
height:382.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\FAN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="ya家系圖"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三、請說明精神病理社會工作的出院規劃的目的為何?及如何進行。(<span lang="EN-US">25%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>出院規劃的目的:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>成功的出院規劃是一種核心的、協調的、跨領域的過程,它的目的在確保每個病人能夠得<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 到持續的照顧。它反應病人與家人的內在與外在的、社會的、情緒的、醫療的與心理的需<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 要以及資產。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>病人如何出院,與他們即將接受的追蹤服務牽涉很多的精神醫療的專業人員,而協助病人<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 與其家庭設定目標與充分運用他們的優勢,並將它們轉化為實際的、協調的方案,不僅是<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 社會工作的基本技巧,亦是精神病理社會工作中出院規劃之目的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>出院規劃之進行:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>出院規劃者在出院前夕與出院後,都應該提供病人與其家人情緒性的支持。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>協助其家人選擇財務上適合他們的方式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>讓病人調適自己新的自我意象。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>協調社區資源可以在出院後提供照顧。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>將家庭轉介到可以持續協助他們的教育團體。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">四、請說明生態系統圖的功能。(<span lang="EN-US">10%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>生態系統理論:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 要說明生態系統圖就必須先了解生態系統理論,生態系統理論為了瞭解個案的複雜性,並避<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 免過度簡化,從互相關聯的與多層面的現實中觀察個案現象(這個人與環境)。它是一種以<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 個案為中心提供概念性的界限,並針對個人、家庭、團體與社區處遇的相關參數進行詮釋。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>生態系統圖的功能:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>生態系統圖是用圖示的方式,澄清某一個界限內,以這個個案系統的焦點,來整體觀察個<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 案的相關元素。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>生態系統圖所呈現的就是這個人在這個環境中的相關元素,生態系統圖的使用,使人在觀<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 察個案現象時無法將人與環境分離,這將有助於觀察者真正了解,個案與其環境的所有正<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 面關係及負面關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">五、名詞解釋:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">精神健康</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">結案</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">自我分化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三角關係</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">防衛機轉(<span lang="EN-US">25%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>精神健康:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人類的精神健康包括五大要素:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>精神健康是指能夠自我接納,與旁人愉悅相處,以及均衡地處理生活中的各種需求。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">人人皆有免於恐懼,不受剝奪,以及不受侵害的精神健康權利。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">建立免於恐懼與合乎精神健康的環境,是指每一個人內心的渴望,也是每一個人的權利和<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 責任。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">要喚醒和增強每一個人對精神健康的自覺與共識,以形成人類精神健康的目標。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 5.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">公共精神健康的重要性,須藉由制定相關的社會政策以改善足以妨礙人類精神健康的惡質<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">環境。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>結案:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 結案是社會個案工作的最後一項程序,是指社會工作者與受助者專業關係結束的處理工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 在結案階段,包括中止對案主的服務,有時也伴隨著轉移或轉案與結果的評估。這些過程會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 受到組織因素的影響,如精神機構設施的功能、病人短暫安排、付費的要求、所服務對象的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 特性、協助病人的方法與案主暨工作人員間關係的影響。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>自我分化:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>波恩發展自我分化量表來看人類行為的感覺與思考兩種最重要變數的交互作用,主要之目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 的要將情緒的運作與疾病或病理產生聯結。另外,他解釋自主的兩種能力(指為自己多著<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 想的能力與為別人多著想的能力),來彰顯彼此融入。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>波恩認為個體「自我分化」的程度反應一個人區分他在理智與情感歷程的能力。也就是個<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">體分化的程度,可由他的行為不受情感影響的程度來表現。如果個人在思維與情感之間達<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 到最大的融入,那麼他的功能發揮是最差;他們可能被自動化或無法控制的情緒反應所擺<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 佈,甚至在低焦慮的情況下,功能發揮也會不好。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>三角關係:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>波恩一方面強調自我的整合程度,同時也強調個人與他人關係的情緒張力。例如,當夫妻<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 想要平衡他們的親密或獨立的需求時,夫妻一方或雙方都可能產生焦慮。他認為雙方融合<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 的程度越高,雙方就越難找到都滿意的平衡。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>為了解決這種焦慮關係,其中一個方法就是要納入另外一個成員形成三角關係,建立三個<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人的互動關係。而家庭融入的程度越高時,三角關係就越強烈。而家庭分化最差的人,特<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 別容易因為要減低緊張而因此受到傷害。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>防衛機轉:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 是指自我用來保護自己的一些心理策略,以避開正常生活過程中所會面臨的焦慮和衝突,亦<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 即個體為求減少因超我與本我衝突而生的焦慮,形成一些改變本質的行為,因此防衛機制是<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 可以減緩壓力所造成的情緒衝突,提供一個緩衝時間,讓個體得以處理生活的創傷,有助於<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 面對無法解決的損失或傷害,所以如果不是為了把逃避現實當作一種生活方式,則防衛機制</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 並非病態,反而具有調適的功能。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-44691694900876406232015-10-28T08:20:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:17:15.272-07:00精神病理社會工作(一)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:精神病理社會工作(第一次作業)</b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、去機構化運動的原因為何?去機構化運動犯那些錯誤?請加以說明之。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>去機構化運動之原因:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>不滿目前的精神健康照顧、消費者至上的主義:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 推動去機構化運動的一個重要理由,主要是因為長期對於精神機構的不滿。而<span lang="EN-US">1950</span>年代與<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1960</span>年代是關心公民權與支持消費者至上的年代,公民權運動強調「理所當然的權利」,同<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 時強調有必要採取較無限制性的照顧與處遇方式。而這也牽涉到弱勢團體鼓動精神疾病團體<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 在訴訟上的勝利。</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>社會科學研究與意識型態:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 意識型態與社會科學研究對於精神疾病的同理心,是另外一個去機構化運動的動力。去機構<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 化運動同時也受到自由主義與人道主義的意識型態的影響。前者將精神疾病理解為無法調適<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 於「壓制性」的社會需求;而後者將精神疾病理解為屈服較高的社會現實。在這股反精神醫<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 學的運動中,精神疾病被認為是社會制度創造來加以治療的一種「病」。他們認為減少精神<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 病院就可以同時減少精神疾病。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>處遇方式的改變:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 處遇科技的改進是另一個影響去機構化運動的原因。抗精神病藥物的發現並遍也被認為是該<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 運動的主要原因。因為以藥物為基礎的處遇,對於財政當局而言具有吸引力,因為藥物處置<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 被認為可以減少機構的預算。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>經濟負擔與新的資金挹注:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 去機構化運動過程中最主要的因素恐怕是經濟因素,因為在去機構化運動之前,公立精神醫<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 院的財務負擔主要由各州的州政府來負責。同一時間,新的聯邦政府的資金挹注機制也出現<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 了,事實上,主要衝擊精神病院的是<span lang="EN-US">1965</span>年的「醫療救助保險」與「醫療照顧保險」的立<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>去機構化運動所犯之錯誤:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>缺乏合適的規劃:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1960</span>年代,有人建議以社區心理衛生中心作為州立醫院的替代物,因此就進行去機構化運<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 動的可行性評估研究。但是由於研究費時太久,而結果也不確定,因此,有利於去機構化運<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 動的氛圍也消失了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>不適當的監督與責信:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 從一開始,去機構化運動就缺乏明顯的責任與權威的焦點。因此政策推動與政策的意圖無法<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 配合不會令人意外。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>缺乏以案主為中心的服務:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 去機構化運動的目標人口不確定,理論基礎也不足。也就是在規劃的時候,主要是以「減少<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 醫院病床就可以直接減少費用支出」這種簡單的假設。他們也相信,精神疾病人口的同質性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 很高。而這種想法,並未考慮病人的疾病類型,以及他們所收容的機構類型為何。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、何謂多軸評估系統?請依<span lang="EN-US">DSM-IV </span>診斷暨統計手冊說明精神疾病的主要診斷與分類。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>多軸評估系統:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 多軸評估系統係藉由多軸系統的採用,從心理學、生物學與社會學的角度去評估個人的功能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ,並採用不同的軸登錄結果。第一軸為臨床疾患診斷,第二軸為人格違常或智能不足,第三<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 軸為一般身體狀況或疾患,第四軸為心理與社會壓力,第五軸為整體功能評估。每個軸都要<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 求不同領域的資訊以協助臨床人員,進行處遇規劃與預測結果進行評估。軸一與軸二包括所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 有的精神疾病;而軸三則列舉一般身體症狀或疾患;軸四則列出會影響個人的精神症狀診斷<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 、處遇計劃與預後的心理社會與環境問題清單;軸五包括評量個人整體層次功能運作的量表。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>精神疾病的主要診斷與分類(<span lang="EN-US">DSM-IV</span>):<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>兒童期與青少年期精神疾患:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括智能不足、學習障礙、運動技能障礙、溝通障礙、廣泛性發展障礙、注意力缺陷與決裂<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 性行為、嬰兒或早期餵食障礙等嬰兒期、兒童期或青年期的精神障礙。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>譫妄、疾呆、失憶與其他認知性疾病:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 譫妄包括一般醫學狀況所造成的譫妄、物質中毒所造成的譫妄、物質戒斷譫妄等;癡呆如阿<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 茲海默症癡呆、血管性癡呆等;失憶症如一般醫學狀況所造成的失憶症、物質誘發的持續性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 失憶症等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>其他身體疾病所造成的精神疾病:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括身體疾病所造成的僵直障礙和身體疾病所造成的人格改變。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>物質濫用所造成的精神疾病:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括酒精、安非他命、咖啡因、大麻、可卡因、幻覺劑、吸入劑、尼古丁、鴉片、天使粉、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 鎮靜劑、安眠藥、抗焦慮劑等使用所造成的障礙。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>精神分裂與其他精神病:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括精神分裂病、類精神分裂病、分裂情感性疾病、妄想型疾病、短期精神性疾病等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">6.</span>情感性疾病:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括憂鬱性疾病(如重鬱症、低落性情感疾病)、雙極型疾病(如單次躁狂發作、輕躁發作、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 混合型發作、憂鬱發作)、循環型情感性疾病及其他未註明之情感疾病等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">7.</span>焦慮症:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括恐慌症、強迫症、創傷後壓力疾病、急性壓力疾病、廣泛性焦慮症、一般身體所造成的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 焦慮症、物質誘發的焦慮疾病等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">8.</span>身體症狀疾病:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括身體化症、未分化身體症狀疾病、轉化症、疼痛疾病、慮病症、身體變形症狀等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">9.</span>偽病症障礙:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括偽病症及其他偽病症等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">10.</span>解離症:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括解離性失憶症、解離性漫遊、解離性身分疾病、自我感喪失疾病等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">11.</span>性別認同障礙:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括性功能障礙、性慾望疾病、性倒錯、性別認同障礙等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">12.</span>進食障礙:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括心因性厭食症、心因性暴食症及其他未註明之進食障礙。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">13.</span>睡眠障礙:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括原發性睡眠障礙、其他精神疾病所造成之睡眠障礙及其他睡眠障礙等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">14.</span>衝動控制疾病:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括陣發性暴怒疾病、竊盜癖、縱火狂及病態性賭博等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">15.</span>適應障礙:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括適應障礙伴隨憂鬱、適應障礙伴隨焦慮、適應障礙伴隨憂鬱與焦慮。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">16.</span>人格違常:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括妄想型、類分裂型、分裂病型、反社會型、邊緣型、做作型及自戀型等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">17.</span>其他必須注意的臨床情況:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 包括心理因素影響、臨床藥物誘發運動性障礙、其他藥物副作用、人際關係問題、虐待或照<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 顧有關的問題及其他臨床注意焦點。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三、<span lang="EN-US">DSM-IV </span>診斷暨統計手冊是目前臨床界常用的診斷系統,請說明該診斷手冊的歷史背景。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">DSM-IV </span>診斷暨統計手冊是美國精神醫學會的正式手冊,它的全名是「精神疾病診斷暨統計手<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 手」,茲就其歷史背景說明如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-align: center; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>發展精神疾病的原始理由是從搜集人口普查統計資訊開始,早期的<span lang="EN-US">19</span>世紀分類體系發展,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以及<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世紀中將精神疾病記載在人口普查資料中是主要目的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>更廣泛的精神疾病分類體系是由美國陸軍與榮民服務局在二次大戰與戰後,為美軍與榮民發<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">展出來的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>緊接著,聯合國世界衛生組織出版「第六版國際疾病分類診斷」。「第六版國際疾病分類診斷<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 」在精神疾病這一節就相當受到美國榮民服務局分類方法的影響。<span lang="EN-US">ICD-6</span>就包括<span lang="EN-US">26</span>類精神<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 疾病。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">四、請說明精神醫學與精神醫療簡史。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>史前時代:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 有證據顯示,在石器時代,曾經進行切開頭蓋骨的手術,並將部分的頭蓋骨作為護身符的情<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 況。從法國<span lang="EN-US">Ariege</span>地方的洞穴壁畫,可以看出有一位巫醫手拿著鹿角,本書將其視為精神<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 科醫師的一種。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>西元前:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>西元前<span lang="EN-US">2950</span>年,在曼非斯神廟中,有一位古埃及的療治者,曾在尼羅河岸替病人進行睡眠<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 治療、職能治療等,並逐漸變成醫學校。該地的精神治療理論主要以巫術為主,而成功的處<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 遇主要歸因於護身符或是保護神的心理安慰。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>根據漢摩拉比法典記載,西元前<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>年的美索布達米亞地方,擁有祭司職位的醫師可以處<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 理因「魔鬼附身」的精神障礙困擾,這是目前所知最早在精神與生理症狀有專門部門處理的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 記載。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>在西元前六世紀時,印度的佛陀將人類的思想歸諸於思維與悟。並列希臘七賢的梭倫與塔利<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 斯,同時建議人們要「了解自己」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>西元前四百年時,柏拉圖提出精神就如同駕馭雙匹馬的戰士,其中一匹由高貴的期望所牽引<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ,另一匹則由卑微的期望所牽引。這種看法類似佛洛依德的「超我」、「本我」、「自我」的概<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 念。柏拉圖也討論「夢境」的來源,以及性的昇華。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>西元起始迄今:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>西元二世紀,索哈那認為病人應該被放在有光線、新鮮空氣的條件下,不應該被擊打,並強<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 調復健與照顧的重要性。他並將社會背景與文化因素加以考慮,並強調醫病關係的重要性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 雖然他以「官能性困擾」來描繪精神困擾,但他卻以心理學的方法來處理,並儘量將藥物與<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 其他生理性處遇降到最低的程度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.12</span>世紀時,伯利恆醫院開始照顧有精神疾病問題的病人,病患受到細心照顧,當病人再次<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 發病時,可以發給臂章回到醫院。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>到<span lang="EN-US">14</span>世紀時,有精神疾病問題的個案被認為是「巫婆」,同時也變成被迫害的受害者。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>在<span lang="EN-US">17</span>世紀時,有精神疾病問題的人經常私下受到照顧。<span lang="EN-US">1661</span>年時,亞斯孟在自己家中遭到<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 他照顧過的病患刺殺。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>從<span lang="EN-US">18</span>世紀開始,新的收容所將精神病患、矯治的犯人與貧民分開收容。<span lang="EN-US">1773</span>年時,下議院<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 通過一項以控管私人「瘋人院」的法案-「私人瘋人院管理法」,但是卻遭到上議院的杯葛。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 監禁「非貧民的瘋人」之前,必須經過醫學來證明「病人的狂亂狀態」才可,但是貧民的權<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 利則全部不受到顧及。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">6.</span>威廉巴蒂是照顧精神病患的先鋒,他在倫敦的聖路加醫院從事「瘋人的事業」。他認為將病<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人在收容所進行機構化的照顧本身就是一種治療。他認為,照顧精神病患的護士需要特殊的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 訓練,而「瘋狂」也像其他「社會不安」一樣是可以管理的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">7.</span>在<span lang="EN-US">19</span>世紀初期,輿論強烈抗議收容所的境況,並進而建立遴選委員會以對「瘋人院」做更<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 好的控管。這個報告指出令人擔寒的狀況,如衣衫襤褸、用鐵鍊束縛、將他們鎖在牆上,擁<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 擠而污穢的住在排滿排泄物的稻草上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">8.19</span>世紀未期,幾個醫學的心理學家一直在發展心理症的心因性理論。其中較出名的是迦納<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 與佛洛依德。迦納認為,心理症缺乏充份的精神能量以維持他的精神能整合在一起。相反的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ,佛洛依德認為,心理症是因為不同的精神能量互相衝突的結果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">9.20</span>世紀未期,精神疾病不論採用「醫療模式」或「社會模式」解釋,在心理衛生工作的人<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 開始體認到精神不安有不同的原因,不同的訓練與方法都在處遇中扮演一部分的角色。精神<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 不安也許一部分可以由環境的反應、腦中的化學作用、遺傳與越來越多因交互影響的因素,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 都對精神疾病扮演重要角色;而生活事件會對腦中的化學作用有「好的」及「不好的」改變<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ,同時在不同的環境中,許多不同的處遇結果很成功。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">五、何謂情感性疾病?請說明其分類與疾病診斷。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>情感性疾病的定義:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 情感性疾病分憂鬱性疾病<span lang="EN-US">(</span>單極型憂鬱<span lang="EN-US">)</span>、雙極型疾病、一般醫學狀況造成的情感性疾病及物<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">質誘發之情感性疾病。憂鬱性疾病與雙極型疾病的差異就在無躁狂發作、混合發作或輕躁狂<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">發作病史。而雙極型疾病則分第一型雙極型疾病、第二型雙極型疾病、循環型情感性疾病與<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 其他未註明之雙極型疾病,則在病史上曾有躁狂發作、混合發作或輕躁狂發作,並常有重鬱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 發作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>憂鬱症之疾病診斷:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>必須至少兩個星期內持續以下五種症狀,同時至少有憂鬱或沒有興趣或缺乏喜悅感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>經主觀的報告或由別人客觀的觀察,幾乎整天而且天天都是如此憂鬱。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>經主觀的報告或由別人客觀的觀察,幾乎整天而且天天都是如此沒有明顯興趣或缺少愉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 悅感或活動減少。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>節食而體重明顯降低,或體重短期內異常的增加。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(4)</span>幾乎每天失眠或嗜睡。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(5)</span>可由主觀觀察出來,每天都感覺憂鬱或呆滯,或是不安感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(6)</span>幾乎每天都感覺非常疲累。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(7)</span>幾乎每天覺得人生有價值感或是有罪惡感(也許是妄想)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(8)</span>可由主觀觀察或陳述幾乎每天思考能力降低,或是注意力無法集中。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(9)</span>反覆想到死亡(非只是怕死)、無特定計畫而重覆的自殺意念、曾自殺過或已經計畫自殺。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>這些症狀並不符合混合發作的標準。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>這些症狀造成重大的臨床痛苦或阻礙社會、職業或其他重要領域的功能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>這些症狀並非是物質濫用或一般性醫學狀況所引起。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>躁症之疾病診斷:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>必須至少兩個星期內持續躁狂或易怒超過一個星期。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>在情緒困擾的期間必須至少以下三個(如果只是易怒情緒則必須四個以上)的持續症狀:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>自滿或誇大。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>減少睡眠(如只睡三個小時即足夠)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>比平常更多話或持續不停講話。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(4)</span>意念跳躍或思緒奔馳。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(5)</span>注意力分散。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(6)</span>工作狂或性行為過多。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(7)</span>過度參與可能帶來後果的娛樂活動(如無節制大採購、輕率的性行為或輕率未規畫的商<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 業投資)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>所發生的症狀不符合混合型的發作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>情感困擾非常嚴重而會造成顯著就業功能降低,日常的社會活動或其他人的關係障礙,或是<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 有必要住院以預防傷害自己或他人,或是產生精神病的症狀。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">5.</span>這些症狀並非因物質濫用而引起。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>混合發作之疾病診斷:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>符合至少一個星期中,幾乎每天都有躁狂發作與重鬱發作兩種症狀。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>職業功能、社會活動或其他人際關係因情感障礙而顯著受影響,或是為避免傷害自己或他人<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 而必須住院,或是有精神病的特徵。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>這種障礙並非物質濫用所引起,或醫學狀況所引起的直接生理作用所造成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>輕躁狂發作之疾病診斷:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>至少連續四天持續情緒高亢、情緒特別好,或是容易發怒與平日的情況有差別。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>情感有障礙的期間,至少具有以下三種以上的症狀,而且已經達到顯著的程度,或是當只有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 易怒的情緒,那麼必須要具備以下四種以上的症狀。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">自滿或自大狂。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">減少睡眠(如只睡三小時即足夠)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">比平常更多話或持續不停講話。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">意念跳躍或思緒奔馳。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">注意力分散。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">工作狂或性行為過多。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">過度參與可能帶來負向後果的娛樂活動。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>他人可觀察到情感障礙與功能障礙。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>這種障礙並未嚴重影響社會功能或職業功能,且並未嚴重到必須住院治療的程度,並且並無<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 精神病的症狀或醫學狀況所引起的直接生理作用所造成。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 5.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">此種障礙並非某種物質使用或一般性醫學狀況所直接引起的作用。</span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-20004674946789792412015-10-28T08:16:00.001-07:002016-09-26T06:17:48.930-07:00生命教育(二)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:生命教育(第二次作業)</b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -.99; text-indent: -11.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">※請閱讀有關生命教育的書籍,或相關生命教育的題材,及生活經驗或生活領悟心得,提出完整的報告一份繳交。<span lang="EN-US">(</span>字數在<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>字以上<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -.99; text-indent: -11.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">學生服務於矯正機關多年,有幸恭逢法務部於矯正機關推行生命教育之盛時,茲就學生於矯正實務<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">工作所汲取之生命教育經驗,以及研讀法務部生命教育讀物之心得,論述如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、生命教育之起源:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 生命教育濫觴於廿世紀<span lang="EN-US">60</span>年代未<span lang="EN-US">70</span>年代初,當時的美國社會有著嚴重的吸毒、自殺、暴力等<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 問題,學者華特士針對這些社會問題提出生命教育的思想,思考透過教育來改善這些社會問題。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、我國生命教育理念之濫觴:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 台灣推行生命教育,最早可追溯至<span lang="EN-US">87</span>年省教育廳時代,當時由國中開始,進而高中<span lang="EN-US">(</span>職<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,全<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 面實施生命教育課程。當時的教育政策認為,透過學校教育對人文與倫理教育的重視,可達改<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 善社會風氣之效。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三、生命教育之內涵:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>目前學者對生命教育之內涵有著許多不同看法,有從哲學角度建構生命教育的理論基礎,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 有從健康教育與生死教育歸納生命教育的取向,也有從諮商輔導及教育的立場,論述生命<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 教育應有的向度及內涵。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>雖然生命教育有各種不同的實施取向,但其共同目標,應在使人認識生命,進而肯定、愛<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 惜並尊重生命,增進生活的智慧,自我超越,展現生命意義與永恆價值,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>總之,生命教育難以科學性的操作型定義來界定。申言之,生命教育即是引導個體活出生<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 命意義與價值的教育。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">四、生命教育內涵五大層面:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>人與自己:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 係指人們如何看待自己,如何定位自我的價值與角色,如何與自我相處,以及如何尋求所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 謂的真我。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>人與他人:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 係指人們如何看待別人,如何與他人進行良好的互動以及保持良好的互動關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>人與社會<span lang="EN-US">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 係指人們如何定位自我在社會中的角色,如何為社會奉獻自我的價值,以及如何營造和諧<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 的社會氛圍。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>人與自然<span lang="EN-US">(</span>環境<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人必定不可逆天而行,人們不可為了自我的私利而破壞原有的自然環境,否則終將遭受天<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 懲,也就是大自然的反撲。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>修復式正義:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 矯正機關之生命教育加入另一層面,即「修復式正義」。在犯罪人感受到尊重他人生命真<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 諦後,能真心為個人行為懺悔,並主動與被害人修復關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">五、生命教育應用於矯正處遇之成效:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>矯正機關生命教育之推展:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 法務部於<span lang="EN-US">98</span>年實施「經營人本監獄,愛從高牆出發-矯正機關生命教育深耕計畫」,將生<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 命教育理念正式納入矯正處遇最核心的一環,希望透過生命教育的推動,協助收容人學習<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 對生命意義的重新認識與追求。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>矯正機關生命教育之內涵與目標:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>豐富生命的內涵:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 輔導收容人認識生命的意義,進而尊重生命、熱愛生命。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>建立正向的人生觀:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 培養收容人正面積極、樂觀進取的價值觀,陶冶健全的人格。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>認識自我:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 輔導收容人認識自我,建立自我信念,進而發展潛能,實現自我。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>人際和諧及關懷他人:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 增進人際關係技巧,學會包容、接納、欣賞別人,能夠與他人、社會及自然建立良好的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 互動關係,進而達到修復加害人、被害人及社區三方的良性關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>矯正機關推展生命教育之成果:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>與法鼓山人文社會基金會共同推展「心六輪」活動:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 法務部自<span lang="EN-US">100</span>年起,與法鼓山人文社會基金會共同推展「生命教育暨技藝紮根計畫」,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 藉由「心六輪」宣講、種子師資培訓及音樂會等多元文化活動之方式,將正向思維與倫<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 理道德深植於收容人心靈,以達到淨化人心、重塑社會和諧之目的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>結合社會資源舉辦多元藝文活動:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 「政府資源有限,民間力量無窮」,為提升收容人教化成效,有效運用社會資源,各矯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 正機構持續與民間團體合作,辦理各項義演及演講活動,期能透過社會資源的溫暖分享<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ,讓收容人重新思考未來的方向。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>舉辦創新藝文展演:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 為建立收容人自信和自尊,各矯正機關積極鼓勵收容人藝文創作,並舉辦巡迴矯正藝文<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 聯展,已廣獲社會各界熱烈迴響及讚賞。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">六、結論:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 生命教育範疇廣大,近年來因為社會問題日益嚴重,而開始受到重視。法務部矯正署為提升教<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 化成效,多方採納矯正教育理念,並將生命教育中「以人為本」及「探討存在意義與價值」的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 精神,融入教化工作中,透過藝文教化方式,型塑監所人文氣息,相信未來矯正工作更會以此</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 為根基,努力展現不同於過往的矯正新象。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-19017499236075362012015-10-28T08:13:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:17:53.107-07:00生命教育(一)<span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:生命教育(第一次作業)</b></span><br />
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、請從社會生活實踐或生命事件中舉一例<span lang="EN-US">(</span>正面或負面的例子均可<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,說明推動生命教育的重要<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">性。<span lang="EN-US">30%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 生命教育範疇廣大,近年來因社會問題日益嚴重而開始受到重視。法務部矯正署為提升教化成<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 效,多方採納矯正教育理念,並將生命教育中「以人為本」及「探討存在意義與價值」的精神<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 融入教化工作中,茲以矯正教育為例,說明推動生命教育的重要性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>矯正機關生命教育之推展:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 法務部於<span lang="EN-US">98</span>年實施「經營人本監獄,愛從高牆出發-矯正機關生命教育深耕計畫」,將生命<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 教育理念正式納入矯正處遇最核心的一環,希望透過生命教育的推動,協助收容人學習,對<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 於生命意義的重新認識與追求。</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>矯正機關生命教育之內涵與目標:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>豐富生命的內涵:輔導收容人認識生命的意義,進而尊重生命、熱愛生命。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>建立正向的人生觀:培養收容人正面積極、樂觀進取的價值觀,陶冶健全的人格。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>認識自我:輔導收容人認識自我,建立自我信念,進而發展潛能,實現自我。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">4.</span>人際和諧及關懷他人:增進人際關係技巧,學會包容、接納、欣賞別人,能夠與他人、社會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 及自然建立良好的互動關係,進而達到修復加害人、被害人及社區三方的良性關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>矯正機關推展生命教育之成果:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>與法鼓山人文社會基金會共同推展「心六輪」活動:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 法務部自<span lang="EN-US">100</span>年起,與法鼓山人文社會基金會共同推展「生命教育暨技藝紮根計畫」,藉由<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 「心六輪」宣講、種子師資培訓及音樂會等多元文化活動之方式,將正向思維與倫理道德深<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 植於收容人心靈,以達到淨化人心、重塑社會和諧之目的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>結合社會資源舉辦多元藝文活動:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 「政府資源有限,民間力量無窮」,為提升收容人教化成效,有效運用社會資源,各矯正機<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 構持續與民間團體合作,辦理各項義演及演講活動,期能透過社會資源的溫暖分享,讓收容<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人重新思考未來的方向。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">3.</span>舉辦創新藝文展演:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 為建立收容人自信和自尊,各矯正機關積極鼓勵收容人藝文創作,並舉辦巡迴矯正藝文聯展,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 已廣獲社會各界熱烈迴響及讚賞。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、如果有學生或晚輩問你「生命的意義與價值何在?」,你會如何回答?請寫出你的回答內容,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">並另請說明為什麼你會如此回答的原因。<span lang="EN-US">30%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>生命的意義與價值何在:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 若以心理學的角度而言,生命的價值就是在追求自我的實現;若以社會學的角度而言,生命<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 的意義就是將有限的生命奉獻予社會,去創造無限的社會價值。不論以哪一門學科的角度來<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 探究生命的意義與價值,其實都是在追求自我價值的實現,尋求真我,利用不斷的學習來提<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 升自我的能力,並將人生各種際遇視為提升自我能力的一種機遇,以正向的角度看待自己人<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 生中的每一事件,並在事件中成長,生命的意義與價值何在,即能得以領悟。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> (二)學生做出上述回答的原因:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>學習領域:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 學生在進入空大以前,甚至進入空大之後,所接觸的課程幾乎都是心理學及社會學相關的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 學門,在接觸這些課程之後,對於生命意義與價值這個提問,心中自然就產生了上述「<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 追求自我實現」及「創造自我價值」此類的想法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>對於生命的頓悟:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 生命說長,漫漫近百年,說短,就如白駒過隙轉眼即逝,要如何在這時光的河流中留住一<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 點色彩,其實是一門重要的課題。生命的意義與價值何在?其實就是在考驗我們,如何在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 生命的詩冊中,留下動人的詩句。把握當下,利用有限度的時間去成就夢想,或許是個好<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 方法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三、社會中屢有所聞假藉宗教信仰進行詐財騙色,或出現不理性的迷信行為,請說明如何使宗教信<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">仰能在個人的生命教育中發揮正面善的力量。<span lang="EN-US">40%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(一)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">闡釋宗教信仰之真諦:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從原始時代以來,宗教與社會的關係便係極為密切,彼此有著合為兩利的文化功能,宗教可<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以說是維持社會秩序的主要力量之一,神聖性宗教與世俗性的社會有著相互滲透與相互交流<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">的關係。宗教的本質在於牽引社會氛圍走向善的一面,而非一昧的藉由偶像的崇拜或是意念的執著,來尋求心靈上的依附及滿足。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(二)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">宗教本質上的教育功能:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">宗教本質上也是一種教育,包含了生命教育、家庭教育及社會教育,甚至也可以是學校教育,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">宗教的教育功能可以說是全方位的,更可以提高人們的文化素養。宗教的生命教育是著重在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以人作為主體的價值實現,是將神本的信仰導入於人本的生命自覺上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(三)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">體認宗教教育的必要性:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">現代人的宗教教育是極為迫切而需要的,即使不是宗教徒也是需要宗教教育的陶冶,理解宗<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">教神聖體驗的特有內涵,不必以科學理性來排斥宗教,宗教教育是一種還原宗教本來面目的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">精神教育,並非用來宣傳宗教神聖領域,宗教教育是要教導人們回到自我心性處去交接與領<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">悟,也不是靠外在的權威逼迫他人承認宗教的存在。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(四)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">宗教倫理與道德實踐:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">當宗教倫理作為道德觀念的實踐體系時,必然是延續著人性本善的生命觀,大多數的宗教是<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以「善」為最高倫理範疇,以提善抑惡作為信仰者最為根本的義務,宗教的倫理力量就是要<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">對治人體各種欲望感知的惡,而彰顯出善的神聖本質。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-73941914518963392582015-10-28T07:49:00.000-07:002016-09-26T06:18:15.859-07:00性別關係(二)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: medium;"><b>科目:性別關係(第二次作業)</b></span></div>
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、請你找一所學校,仔細觀察其空間設計,有哪些性別不平等的問題?或是哪些設計具有性別</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">概念?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>男女公廁比例失衡:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>男女公廁比例的失衡,常造成「男則空空如也,女廁大排長龍」的景象,公共場合如廁要忍<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> </span>受大排長龍之苦,幾乎是女性共同的痛苦經驗。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>內政部在<span lang="EN-US">95</span>年修正「建築技術規則」,明定車站、學校、電影院等公共場所男女公廁的比例<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 必須符合一比五,未來新建築都要依照規定辦理,否則拿不到建築執照。</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>缺乏淋浴間及更衣間:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>一般的學校很少提供淋浴或更衣的空間,讓師生在運動之前能夠更換運動服裝或在運動之後<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 做簡單的沖洗,一般學校即使提供了更衣間或淋浴間,也多與游泳池相連,在非使用游泳池<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 或游泳池關閉的時間,師生幾乎無法使用這些設備。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">2.</span>即使允許當天有體育課的學生直接穿運動服到學校,但若體育課不是在最後一節,則學生常<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 必須在體育課後,繼續穿著沾滿汗水或泥塵的運動服在教室中上課,許多女生不喜歡運動或<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 上體育課的原因之一,就是因為她們不喜歡運動後仍要繼續穿著沾滿汗水或泥塵的運動服在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">教室中上課,並儘量減少自己的運動量以避免身體出汗。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假如你家族中有人選擇單身、同志或多重伴侶的生活,你願意支持他們嗎?你會以何種方式表</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">達你對他們的支持或反對?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 學生在面對此議題時,會採取中立的立場,也就是不支持亦不反對,理由如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>尊重他人的獨立性:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; text-indent: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">每個人都是一個獨立的個體,每個人都有權利決定自己的性取向以及伴侶,只要這個個體的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; text-indent: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">行為沒有侵害到社會或他人的權益,身為具有民主涵養的現代人,理應尊重他人的決定。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>自我負責:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 不論是選擇單身、同性戀或多重伴侶的生活,不論他的人生旅程最後的結局會如何,最後,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; text-indent: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">終究還是「下選擇的人」自己必須去面對與承擔,縱使我們是他的家人,但其實也不過是他<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; text-indent: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">們人生旅程中的一個旁觀者,我們需要做的只是在一旁陪伴他們,因為最終會參與結局的還<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; text-indent: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">是「下選擇的人」自己而已。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>不將事情問題化:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 單身、同性戀或多重伴侶這些態樣的生活方式,自古即有,並非一個近代或現代才產生的議<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 題或問題,放眼中外,從古至今,有多少帝王將相、凡夫俗子是單身未娶抑或同性戀者,只<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 是宥於思想以及資訊的封閉,而無法浮上檯面罷了,在古代,三妻四妾這種多重伴侶的家庭<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 型態更是一般。所以,我們根本不須將這些並非問題的事情予以問題化。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三、試述性別與健康有何關係?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>傳統男子性的影響:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 傳統男子性強調要勇、要猛,致使男性容易有不健康的生活型態,比如大量喝酒、抽菸或從<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 事危險運動、打架滋事等危險行為;而男性的職業類型,尤其從事體力工作的就有較高比例<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 的意外與殺傷死亡。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>男性較會壓制情感:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 社會期待男人要理性,因此多數男性會壓抑自己的情緒,憤怒時會轉向對自己、他人做出肢<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 體侵略,如自殺、殺傷他人;另外社會強調男要做大事、創大業,鼓勵男性野心大,追求權<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 力,導致許多男性工作壓力過度而罹患<span lang="EN-US">CHD</span>心臟血管疾病。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>使用醫療服務:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 多數男性不願意求診,拒絕承認痛苦,不需要幫助,因為社會期待男性要有強健外表。男性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 這種對身體的控制也是深受男子性的影響。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>傳統女子性的影響:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 社會期待女性保有聽話、順從、溫柔等女性特質,女性比較不會從事冒險活動,也較少產生<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 暴力行為,也比較願意維持身體健康,身體一發生異樣,就會趕快去醫院檢查,比較容易在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 疾病初期接受診治。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>五<span lang="EN-US">)</span>女性較易罹憂鬱症:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 女性主義者認為,女性躁鬱症或憂鬱症的原因具有多樣性,除了體內神經傳導物質分泌異常,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 或種種身體疾病造成之外,也有可能是外在的,如家庭、工作、學業或人際關係等因素所造<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">四、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果你在工作的職場或社會中,你或你的同事、朋友遇到了性別歧視或不公的對待,你覺得你</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可以怎麼做?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>生理假限制過多:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>許多女性在生理期時,常常會痛到全身發麻、四肢無力,連生活作息都有困難了,更遑論<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">還要集中精神上班工作。但在請生理假時,卻往往要遭受一頓冷嘲熱諷,某些主管甚至會對<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">其投射懷疑的眼光,令人難以承受。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教導她</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">根據性別工作平等法規定,女性每個月可請生理假一日,全年請假日數未逾三日,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">不併入病假計算,其餘日數併入病假計算,工資折半發給,且不需請假證明之規定。並告訴<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">她這是每個員工最基本的權益。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>覺得女性不夠專業:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>女性在職場上,常常有被輕視、瞧不起的狀況發生,許多男性認為女生反應不靈敏、不夠<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">聰明,甚至會被人覺得沒有在職場上應有的專業。這不僅是種歧視,也是對女性在職場嚴重<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">的污辱,非常不尊重。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可以告訴有這類思想的男同事,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">事實上,很多女性在職場上,都表現的比其他男性出色,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">她們付出許多心血在工作上,是不折不扣的女強人。再告訴有這類困擾的女同事,若是在職<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">場遇到性別歧視的狀況,妳該展現妳的專業,令所有人對妳刮目相看。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>職場性騷擾:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>不管是言語上的調戲,還是肢體上的碰觸、撫摸,各種他人在職場上讓人不舒服、困擾的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">舉動,都是屬於職場性騷擾的範圍。有些惡劣的主管會藉著職務之便,幫女職員整理衣領,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">或假藉關心之名,撫摸女性身體的狀況,最嚴重者,還有因為拒絕主管的性要求,而被解雇<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">的案例發生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>許多剛進職場的女員工因為懵懵懂懂,深怕因招搖而失去工作,因此不敢告訴旁人,而讓<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這類醜陋的行為不斷發生。應告訴女同事,與其姑息養奸,倒不如勇敢站出來斥責,讓這種<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">人受到法律制裁。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>懷孕女性求職困難:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span>有些公司為了省掉育嬰假支出、多餘的人事成本,新婚、剛懷孕等女性常常會遭受求職碰<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">壁的難堪窘境,還有主管會直接在面試時關切女員工的交友狀況,有無男友、是否有結婚、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">懷孕規劃,都成了老闆斤斤計較的問題。更甚者,還有要求懷孕、結婚便必須離職的公司。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span>有時女性往往好不容易找到了一份合適的工作,也有能力想要一展抱負,卻礙於身體條件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">無法履行。其實我們可以提供主管人員這樣一個建議:若主管願意肯定員工的能力,可以先</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; text-indent: 36pt;">以聘僱方式錄取,待生產完後再轉為正職,也不失是為一個可行的方案。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556325205049969167.post-32653360330958281862015-10-28T07:44:00.004-07:002016-09-26T06:18:27.117-07:00性別關係(一)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>科目:性別關係(第一次作業)</b></span></span></div>
<p align="center">
<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- 平時作業解答 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9715906352965958"
data-ad-slot="3553262511"
data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
</p>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、試以自己的性別分析在成長過程中,如何受到媒體文化和同儕壓力影響,而形成你目前的性別</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">意識。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">媒體文化對性別意識的影響:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">每天充斥在我們眼前的視聽媒體,如電視節目、報紙廣告、電視廣告、偶像劇、雜誌、小</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說、流行音樂等訊息,形塑性別意識的力量是相當驚人的。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">根據學者吳知賢針對兒童卡通節目的研究發現,這些節目在性別關係上幾乎充滿著性別刻</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">核印象。比如,節目內容忽略了女性經驗,多以男性為決策者;女性大多扮演照顧者、關</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">懷他人的角色,男性則是關心社會、救援者的角色;在職業權力階級方面,主管大多是男</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性,女性多為部屬,這些節目內容都在形塑兒童們對於性別在社會角色上的刻板印象。</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同儕壓力對性別意識的影響:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">男生從小到大,向同儕學習,展現男子氣概的行為不勝枚舉,例如抽菸、喝酒、說髒話、</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">逞兇鬥狠、打電玩等等皆是。男子性的形塑過程,來自同儕的「他律性」,發揮很大的影響</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">力。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">男性,尤其是青春期的男性,幾乎都有一個共同的現象,那就是許多性別象徵的行為發展</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是受到同儕的影響。特別是在國中時期,男性的同儕團體會要求團體成員不能有女性化的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">動作,比如說喝水拿杯子不能翹起小指頭;說話時不能比出蓮花指的手勢;說話的腔調不</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能太柔性;不能跟女生群體過於接近等等。等於說要抑制女性化的動作,另一方面則要展</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現出「剛強」的行為。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二、男性與女性心中對「家」的想像可能有哪些差異?形成這些差異的原因為何?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">男性與女性對「家」的認知差異:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家對男性而言,是休息與再生產的地方;對女性而言卻是工作與家務勞動生產的地方。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家對男性而言,代表著物理的居所以及歸屬感,但對於已婚婦女的住宅空間體驗,卻帶有</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.5; text-indent: 42.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">父權控制的感受。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研究發現,家內空間安排呈現「男尊女卑」的空間控制感,住在夫家的已婚婦女,喪失了</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於家的親密感。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">造成認知差異的原因:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「家」意味著一個彼此勞動支持、經濟互助的保障共同體,但是對於已婚的女性而言,在</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家中經常扮演著無給勞動的當然承擔者。但同時這些家務勞動,因為多半無法獲得應有的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">報酬,經常被視為「不事生產」。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「家」除了是上述的居住單位以及經濟單位之外,也是一個總合個人心理、社會、文化的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">情感單位。女性主義者認為,家不僅意味著親密感的歸屬與揉合鄉愁的存在感,家亦被建</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">構為一個「愛與宰制」的責任文化系統。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">妻子以及母親這個角色阻礙了女性的自由,婚姻體制將戀人間自由付出的情感,都轉化成</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">強制性的責任,女性認為,她們是以自由去換取快樂的。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、試以第三章第二節的內容,舉出你所見三個學校性別教育的問題加以分析,並提出看法。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">充滿性別歧視的教科書:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.1980</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代,受到西方女性主義與教育社會學的影響,台灣學者也開始檢視教科書中的性別</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">意識型態。研究指出,各級學校教科書的內容充滿對女性的偏見,通常以性別刻板印象、</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">忽視女性、違反事實等方式出現於課文、插圖、照片、活動設計與教師手冊中。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例如,婦女新知基金會於</span><span lang="EN-US">1988</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年檢視國小到高中的教科書,發現課本內出現的男女性比例</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相當懸殊。這些教材中的男性人物角色居多,從帝王將相到科學家、文學家、藝術家等,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女性則侷限於母親、妻子等角色,而且教科書中的插圖清晰傳遞了「女主內、男主外」、公</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民權為男性專享等性別角色的刻板印象與僵化的性別分工。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別不平等的教學方式:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">師生互動是另一項可能直接影響學生教育參與的因素。研究顯示,學校教師不論男女都傾</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">向於對男生期望較高,在課堂上也與男學生互動較多,這都可能影響男女學生的自我期待</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與學習成就。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學校日常生活中,經常也以性別來劃分各種規定與活動。例如,編學號、排隊、分配座位、</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出公差,乃至於班級幹部的選拔指派(如女性常擔任學藝或總務,男生擔任體育股長)。以</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別作為分類依據,會加強學生對於生理性別與性別角色的認同,而限制了學生的選擇與</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學習機會。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">校國規範裡的性別偏見:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學校中的日常生活規範,也就是德育,更充滿了以性別為基礎的行為規範,例如服儀規定,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而尤以對中學生的頭髮與服裝的管理最為嚴格。學校要求服儀必須整齊劃一,強調「學生</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就要有學生的樣子」,服儀是否符合校規,也被學校拿來判斷學生的好壞。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,成人對於青少年身體的不安與疑慮,可能更是沒有說出來的原因。學校制服男女有</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">別,正以強化男女差異;而制服通常不美觀、不合身、不舒適,正好遮住發育中的身體性</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">徵。此外,許多學校也設置了限制男女同學交往互動的校規,在在顯示學校對於青少年的</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身體與性的焦慮。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四、在你的親朋好友中,是否有家事分工很平等的家庭?他們為什麼可以做得到?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 論及家事分工的平等性,學生的家庭就是一個活脫脫的最好例子,為什麼學生的家庭能做到平</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 等的家事分工呢?其實理由相當簡單,分述如下:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雙薪家庭:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 由於學生夫妻兩人都是上班族,所以沒有任何一方可以推托家務勞動的參與。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">薪資收入相當:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 由於夫妻倆人的薪資收入相當,所以沒有任何一方可以主張自己比較辛苦而減少從事家務工</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女性主義資訊的吸收:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">80</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代以後,女性主義抬頭,並透過各種管道倡導女權,以及女權運動下對女性採取實質</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 賦權的作為,新一代的男性大都懂得與另一半互相擔負家務。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家庭文化背景:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 由於學生的家庭並非係傳統父權宰制的家庭,所以從小母親就灌輸學生,必須與家中的女性</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 成員共同負擔家務,從小做家事做慣了的學生,現在自己組織了家庭,也就不可能會成為父</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">權主義的附議者。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">維繫健全家庭的信念:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 要維繫一個健全的家庭,每一位成員都少不了要付出相當的心力與勞力,既然有了維繫健全</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 家庭的信念,當然就不會去拒絕家事的平均分配。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com